ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2024
Children's Energy Intake Generally Increases in Response to the Energy Density of Meals but Varies with the Amounts and Types of Foods Served.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Energy Density Over 5 Days in Preschool Children
Strategies to Moderate Energy Intake for the Prevention of Obesity in Children
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Effect of Eating Rate of Ultra-Processed Foods on Dietary Intake, Eating Behaviour, Body Composition and Metabolic Responses-Rationale, Design and Outcomes of the Restructure Randomised Controlled Trial.Nutrition bulletin · 2025Article
- "The Big Three" properties of food that drive intake.Physiology & behavior · 2025Review
- Association between fruit intake and abdominal adiposity in 1,707 randomly selected U.S. children.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFood energy density (ED; kcal/g) is positively related to energy intake in numerous studies. A recent secondary analysis proposed that when the ED of consumed food is above a breakpoint, adults sense calories and adjust meal size to minimize overconsumption.
objectivesWe conducted a secondary analysis of measured intakes in preschool children to assess how meal energy intake was related to meal ED as well as to meal portions, eating occasions, and menus.
methodsWe analyzed weighed intakes from 6355 meals served to 94 children aged 3 to 5 y in 2 randomized crossover trials. We provided children with all their daily food and milk for multiple periods of 5 consecutive days in their usual childcare setting. We used linear mixed models with repeated measures to analyze the effects on energy intake of meal ED and meal weight, either as served or as consumed.
resultsEnergy intake at meals was related to the ED and portions of served food and also to the ED and weight of consumed food (all P < 0.0001). Energy intake was also significantly affected by the eating occasion and the foods served on the menus. Children selectively ate higher-ED items, which were served in smaller amounts than lower-ED options. Meal energy intake was curvilinear across consumed ED; it initially increased (slope: 113 ± 2 kcal/ED unit) but decreased at higher-ED meals (deceleration: -11 ± 1 kcal/ED unit
conclusionsChildren's energy intake generally increased with greater ED; at higher-ED meals, however, energy intake decreased in a curvilinear manner without a clear breakpoint. This reduction in intake at higher ED could be explained by meal-related factors such as the portions served rather than by sensitivity to meal energy content. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03010501 and NCT03242863.
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Registered trials
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