ArticleSports (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Relationship between Longitudinal Upper Body Rotation and Energy Cost of Running in Junior Elite Long-Distance Runners.
Article in Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Acute Altitude, Speed and Surface on Biomechanical Loading in Distance Running.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Investigation of Trunk and Pelvis Muscle Activity during Sprinting using T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Journal of human kinetics · 2025Article
- Active Arm Swing During Running Improves Rotational Stability of the Upper Body and Metabolic Energy Efficiency.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Assessing Trail Running Biomechanics: A Comparative Analysis of the Reliability of StrydSensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Are very high rates of exogenous carbohydrate ingestion (>90 g/hr) sufficient or indeed necessary to run a sub-2hr marathon? An analysis of the model predictions of Lukasiewicz and colleagues.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Running is a basic form of human locomotion and one of the most popular sports worldwide. While the leg biomechanics of running have been studied extensively, few studies have focused on upper-body movement. However, an effective arm swing and longitudinal rotation of the shoulders play an important role in running efficiency as they must compensate for the longitudinal torques generated by the legs. The aim of this study is to assess the upper-body rotation using wearable inertial sensors and to elucidate its relation to energy expenditure. Eighty-six junior elite middle- and long-distance runners (37 female, 49 male) performed an incremental treadmill test with sensors attached on both shoulders, tibiae and the sacrum. The mean and total horizontal shoulder and pelvis rotations per stride were derived while energy costs were determined using respiratory gas analysis and blood sampling. Results show that shoulder and pelvis rotations increase with running speed. While shoulder rotation is more pronounced in female than in male runners, there is no sex difference for pelvis rotation. The energy cost of running and upper trunk rotation prove to be slightly negatively correlated. In conclusion, upper body rotation appears to be an individual characteristic influenced by a sex-specific body mass distribution.
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Registered trials
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