ReviewArchives of sexual behavior2024
Validation of the Short Version (TLS-15) of the Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45) across 37 Languages.
Erratum issuedAbstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Archives of sexual behavior, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 15 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hormonal contraceptive use is associated with love intensity across 51 countries.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Love Is Not Blind: It May Be Indifferent to Partners' Flaws, Unless It Involves Cheating or Aggression.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Use of the term "romantic love" in the evolutionary social and behavioral sciences.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Why Critical Thinking Can and Often Does Fail Us in Solving Serious Real-World Problems: A Three-Track Model of Critical Thinking.Journal of Intelligence · 2025Article
- Sex differences in romantic love: an evolutionary perspective.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- What Is the Link of Closeness and Jealousy in Romantic Relationships?Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Love Components in Free-Choice and Arranged Marriages Among Five Non-Western Populations From Africa, Amazonia, and Himalayas.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Love as a Commitment Device : Evidence from a Cross-Cultural Study across 90 Countries.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Reply to: Differences in response-scale usage are ubiquitous in cross-country comparisons and a potential driver of elusive relationships.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Music across the love-span: a mixed methods study into the use of music in romantic relationships.Open research Europe · 2024Article
- Romantic Love and Behavioral Activation System Sensitivity to a Loved One.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Consensus and Caveats Concerning "Carving the Biodevelopment of Same-Sex Sexual Orientation at Its Joints": Reply to Peer Commentaries on VanderLaan, Skorska, Peragine, and Coome.Archives of sexual behavior · 2023Article
- Cross-language validation of COVID-19 Compliance Scale in 28 languages.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
- Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Toward consistent reporting of sample characteristics in studies investigating the biological mechanisms of romantic love.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
87 authors.
Marta KowalIDN Being Human Lab, University of Wrocław, Dawida 1, 50-529, Wrocław, Poland. marta7kowal@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9050-1471
Piotr SorokowskiInstitute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
Bojana M DinićDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5492-2188
Katarzyna PisanskiInstitute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
Biljana GjoneskaMacedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1200-6672
David A FrederickCrean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
Gerit PfuhlDepartment of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3271-6447
Taciano L MilfontSchool of Psychology, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand.
Adam BodeSchool of Archaeology and Anthropology, ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
Leonardo AguilarSchool of Psychology, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9516-0557
Felipe E GarcíaDivision of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-5840
S Craig RobertsIDN Being Human Lab, University of Wrocław, Dawida 1, 50-529, Wrocław, Poland.
Beatriz Abad-VillaverdeFaculty of Humanities and Education, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3652-7141
Tina KavčičDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Kirill G MiroshnikFaculty of Psychology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Izuchukwu L G NdukaiheDepartment of Psychology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3714-6946
Katarína ŠafárováInstitute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
Jaroslava V ValentovaDepartment of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2113-3385
Toivo AavikInstitute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Angélique M BlackburnDepartment of Psychology and Communication, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX, USA.
Hakan ÇetinkayaDepartment of Psychology, Yasar University, İzmir, Turkey.
Izzet DuyarDepartment of Anthropology, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
Farida GuemazDepartment of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University Mohamed Lamine Debaghine Setif2, Setif, Algeria.
Tatsunori IshiiDepartment of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
Pavol KačmárDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia.
Jean C NatividadeDepartment of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3264-9352
Ravit NussinsonDepartment of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel.
Mohd Sofian B Omar-FauzeeSchool of Education, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia.
Ma Criselda T PacquingDepartment of Psychology, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines.
Koen PonnetFaculty of Social Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Austin H WangDepartment of Political Science, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
Gyesook YooDepartment of Child & Family Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2175-5512
Rizwana AminDepartment of Professional Psychology, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Ekaterine PirtskhalavaDepartment of Psychology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Reza AfhamiDepartment of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-6164
Alexios ArvanitisDepartment of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece.
Derya Atamturk DuyarDepartment of Anthropology, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
Théo BessonLaboratoire de Psychologie Sociale, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
Mahmoud BoussenaDepartment of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University Mohamed Lamine Debaghine Setif2, Setif, Algeria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0150-7631
Seda CanDepartment of Psychology, İzmir University of Economics, İzmir, Turkey.
Ali R CanDepartment of Anthropology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
João CarneiroCenter for Psychology at the University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Rita CastroCenter for Psychology at the University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8841-400X
Dimitri ChubinidzeInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
Ksenija ČunichinaInstitute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Yahya DonSchool of Education, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia.
Seda DuralDepartment of Psychology, İzmir University of Economics, İzmir, Turkey.
Edgardo EtchezaharDepartment of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Feten Fekih-RomdhaneDepartment of Psychiatry Ibn Omrane, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia.
Tomasz FrackowiakInstitute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
Nasim Ghahraman MoharrampourSchool of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Talía Gómez YepesDepartment of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Simone GrassiniDepartment of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-7585
Marija JovicDepartment of Marketing Management and Public Relations, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
Kevin S KertechianDepartment of Organization, Management, and Human Resources, ESSCA School of Management, Paris, France.
Farah KhanInstitute of Education & Research, Women University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.
Aleksander KobylarekDepartment of Pedagogy, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
Valerija KrižanićDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
Samuel LinsCenter for Psychology at the University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Tetyana MandzykDepartment of Psychology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine.
Efisio ManuntaCognition, Langues, Langage, and Ergonomie, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2163-4980
Tamara Martinac DorčićDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
Kavitha N MuthuDepartment of Psychology and Counselling, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia.
Arooj NajmussaqibDepartment of Applied Psychology, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Tobias OtterbringDepartment of Strategy, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
Ju Hee ParkDepartment of Child and Family Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
Irena Pavela BanaiDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
Mariia PerunDepartment of Psychology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine.
Marc Eric S ReyesDepartment of Psychology, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines.
Jan P RöerDepartment of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
Ayşegül ŞahinDepartment of Anthropology, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
Fatima Zahra SahliInstitute of Sport Professions, University of Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1864-1653
Dušana ŠakanDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Law and Business Studies Dr Lazar Vrkatić, Union University, Novi Sad, Serbia.
Sangeeta SinghDepartment of Strategy and Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
Sanja Smojver-AzicDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
Sinem SöylemezDepartment of Psychology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.
Ognen SpasovskiDepartment of Psychology, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia.
Anna StudzinskaDepartment of Humanities, Icam School of Engineering, Toulouse Campus, Toulouse Cedex, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7694-4214
Ezgi Toplu-DemirtasPsychological Counseling and Guidance, Mef University, İstanbul, Turkey.
Arkadiusz UrbanekDepartment of Pedagogy, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7592-787X
Tatiana VolkodavDepartment of Pedagogy and Psychology, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia.
Anna WlodarczykEscuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2106-5324
Mohd Faiz Mohd Y YaakobSchool of Education, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia.
Mat Rahimi YusofSchool of Education, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia.
Marcos Zumárraga-EspinosaPsychology Career, Salesian Polytechnic University, Quito, Ecuador.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-9005
Maja ZupančičDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Robert J SternbergDepartment of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Funding
IDN Being Human Lab, University of Wrocław Poland.IDN Being Human Lab, University of Wrocław The study was made possible by funding from the IDN Being Human LabIDN Being Human Lab, University of Wrocław University of Wrocław
Abstract
Love is a phenomenon that occurs across the world and affects many aspects of human life, including the choice of, and process of bonding with, a romantic partner. Thus, developing a reliable and valid measure of love experiences is crucial. One of the most popular tools to quantify love is Sternberg's 45-item Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45), which measures three love components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. However, our literature review reveals that most studies (64%) use a broad variety of shortened versions of the TLS-45. Here, aiming to achieve scientific consensus and improve the reliability, comparability, and generalizability of results across studies, we developed a short version of the scale-the TLS-15-comprised of 15 items with 5-point, rather than 9-point, response scales. In Study 1 (N = 7,332), we re-analyzed secondary data from a large-scale multinational study that validated the original TLS-45 to establish whether the scale could be truncated. In Study 2 (N = 307), we provided evidence for the three-factor structure of the TLS-15 and its reliability. Study 3 (N = 413) confirmed convergent validity and test-retest stability of the TLS-15. Study 4 (N = 60,311) presented a large-scale validation across 37 linguistic versions of the TLS-15 on a cross-cultural sample spanning every continent of the globe. The overall results provide support for the reliability, validity, and cross-cultural invariance of the TLS-15, which can be used as a measure of love components-either separately or jointly as a three-factor measure.
Indexed as
LoveSexual BehaviorHumansLanguagePsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsSexual PartnersSurveys and QuestionnairesCross-culturalTriangular Love ScaleTriangular theory of love
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