ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
Immunological profiling in long COVID: overall low grade inflammation and T-lymphocyte senescence and increased monocyte activation correlating with increasing fatigue severity.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Persistent inflammatory cytokine signature in long Covid-19 patients: a meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Long-term neurological and cognitive impact of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis in over 4 million patients.BMC neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Blood Biomarkers of Long COVID: A Systematic Review.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2024Pooled it
- Human brain matters: Navigating the neuropathology of COVID-19.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Surface cues shape procoagulant properties of amyloidogenic microclots.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
- Comprehensive Immunophenotyping of Monocytes and Dendritic Cells Suggests Distinct Pathophysiology in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Psychological and hematological factors associated with fatigue in patients with Crohn's disease receiving pharmacological treatment.World journal of gastroenterology · 2026Observational
- Insulin Resistance and Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Virus-induced endothelial senescence as a cause and driving factor for ME/CFS and long COVID: mediated by a dysfunctional immune system.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
- CD169Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- A perfect storm: the immunological and pathophysiological landscape of pediatric post-COVID-19 condition.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Exaggerated IFN-I Response in Long COVID PBMCs Following Exposure to Viral Mimics.Journal of clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Immune System Alterations in Depression across Baseline and Flu Vaccine Challenge.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Immunophenotyping of bronchoalveolar lavage and functional impairment in post-COVID syndrome : Insights from a prospective cohort trial.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2025Observational
- Constraints and tunability of antigen-agnostic memory durability.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Effect of obesity on the acute response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and development of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) in nonhuman primates.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Review
- Virus-Induced Pathogenic Antibodies: Lessons from Long COVID and Dengue Hemorrhage Fever.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Solid Organ Transplants Caused by COVID-19 Infection and the Outcome of Transplantation Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Indications for an antidepressive effect of thymosin alpha-1 in a small open-label proof of concept study in common variable immune deficiency patients with depression.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Many patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection develop long COVID with fatigue as one of the most disabling symptoms. We performed clinical and immune profiling of fatigued and non-fatigued long COVID patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Methods: Long COVID symptoms were assessed using patient-reported outcome measures, including the fatigue assessment scale (FAS, scores ≥22 denote fatigue), and followed up to one year after hospital discharge. We assessed inflammation-related genes in circulating monocytes, serum levels of inflammation-regulating cytokines, and leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets, including major monocyte subsets and senescent T-lymphocytes, at 3-6 months post-discharge. Results: We included 37 fatigued and 36 non-fatigued long COVID patients and 42 HCs. Fatigued long COVID patients represented a more severe clinical profile than non-fatigued patients, with many concurrent symptoms (median 9 [IQR 5.0-10.0] vs 3 [1.0-5.0] symptoms, p<0.001), and signs of cognitive failure (41%) and depression (>24%). Immune abnormalities that were found in the entire group of long COVID patients were low grade inflammation (increased inflammatory gene expression in monocytes, increased serum pro-inflammatory cytokines) and signs of T-lymphocyte senescence (increased exhausted CD8 Conclusion: Long COVID with fatigue is associated with many concurrent and persistent symptoms lasting up to one year after hospitalization. Increased fatigue severity associated with stronger signs of monocyte activation in long COVID patients and potentially point in the direction of monocyte-endothelial interaction. These abnormalities were present against a background of immune abnormalities common to the entire group of long COVID patients.
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Registered trials
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