ArticleBehavior research methods2024
Cloze probability, predictability ratings, and computational estimates for 205 English sentences, aligned with existing EEG and reading time data.
Article in Behavior research methods, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Not that cloze: Sentence constraint is influenced by language and language dominance.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Surprisal from Large Language Models as an individual difference: Capturing the individual regardless of the text answer.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Cognitive Processes of Probabilistic Prediction in Reading: Language Model Surprisal Across Model Sizes, Token Granularity, and Reading Paradigms.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Article
- The modulating role of memory load on language switching in sentence comprehension: evidence from eye movements.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Munich Sentence (MuSe) Database: Completion norms and audio recordings for 619 German sentences.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Cloze, Frequency, Surprisal, or Plausibility? A Comparative Analysis of Predictors for Local Ambiguity Resolution.Cognitive science · 2026Article
- A Novel Approach to Map the Causal Impact of Brain Stimulation on Semantic Processing With Language Models.Neurobiology of language (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- All together now: Random Forests analysis reveals the joint impact of multiple statistical regularities on eye-movements during reading.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025Article
- Sentence processing by humans and machines: Large language models as a tool to better understand human reading.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025Review
- Uncovering patterns of semantic predictability in sentence processing.Journal of memory and language · 2025Article
- Prediction in reading: A review of predictability effects, their theoretical implications, and beyond.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025Review
- DERCo: A Dataset for Human Behaviour in Reading Comprehension Using EEG.Scientific data · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
We release a database of cloze probability values, predictability ratings, and computational estimates for a sample of 205 English sentences (1726 words), aligned with previously released word-by-word reading time data (both self-paced reading and eye-movement records; Frank et al., Behavior Research Methods, 45(4), 1182-1190. 2013) and EEG responses (Frank et al., Brain and Language, 140, 1-11. 2015). Our analyses show that predictability ratings are the best predictors of the EEG signal (N400, P600, LAN) self-paced reading times, and eye movement patterns, when spillover effects are taken into account. The computational estimates are particularly effective at explaining variance in the eye-tracking data without spillover. Cloze probability estimates have decent overall psychometric accuracy and are the best predictors of early fixation patterns (first fixation duration). Our results indicate that the choice of the best measurement of word predictability in context critically depends on the processing index being considered.
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