ArticleChest2024
Exploring the Association of Male Sex With Adverse Outcomes in Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Retrospective, Multicenter Cohort Study.
Article in Chest, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension: a Bayesian meta-analysis.Pediatric research · 2025Pooled it
- Examining the role of biologic sex on kidney outcomes in preterm neonates: A secondary analysis of the PENUT/REPAIReD study.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Toward precision for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Moving past current definitions.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Review
- Observational
- Role of Myeloperoxidase, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- What about sex, race(ism), and social determinants of health in neonatal outcomes?Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Impact of sex, race, and social determinants of health on neonatal outcomes.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a significant contributor to morbidity and death in infants who are born premature. Male sex is an independent risk factor for the development of BPD. However, whether male sex is associated with adverse outcomes that occur after formal diagnosis of severe BPD prior to hospital discharge remains unclear. RESEARCH QUESTION: Is male sex associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes in infants with established severe BPD? STUDY DESIGN AND
methodsA retrospective, multicenter cohort study of infants enrolled in the BPD Collaborative Registry from January 1, 2015, to June 29, 2022, was performed. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes were stratified by sex (ie, male vs female). Regression modeling was used to estimate the association of sex with the primary composite outcome of death or tracheostomy at hospital discharge.
resultsWe identified 1,156 infants with severe BPD, defined at 36 weeks postmenstrual age by the National Institutes of Health 2001 consensus definition. The cohort was predominantly male (59% male infants, 41% female infants). However, rates of mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (ie, type 2 severe BPD) did not differ by sex. Overall mortality rates within the cohort were low (male infants, 5.3%; female infants, 3.6%). The OR of death or tracheostomy for male-to-female infants was 1.0 (95% CI, 0.7-1.5).
interpretationOur results lead us to speculate that, although sex is an important variable that contributes to the development and pathogenesis of severe BPD, it does not appear to be associated with adverse outcomes in this cohort of infants with established disease. The surprising results raise important questions surrounding the temporal role of biological sex in the development of severe BPD and its progression during the neonatal ICU stay. As we explore the phenotypes and endotypes of BPD, it is imperative to consider how sex modulates the disease from birth through hospital discharge.
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Registered trials
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