ArticleJournal of global antimicrobial resistance2023
Co-exposure of chromium or cadmium and a low concentration of amoxicillin are responsible to emerge amoxicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Article in Journal of global antimicrobial resistance, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
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6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHeavy metals and antimicrobials co-exist in many environmental settings. The co-exposure of heavy metals and antimicrobials can drive emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Enterobacteriaceae. We hypothesized that co-exposure to heavy metals and a low concentration of antibiotic might alter antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, which facilitate emergence of AMR Staphylococcus aureus.
methodsThe growth kinetics of antimicrobial susceptible S. aureus was carried out in the presence of chromium or cadmium salt and a low concentration of antibiotics. Subsequently, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Moreover, the mRNA copy number was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
resultsThe antimicrobial susceptibility profile revealed that the zone of inhibition (ZOI) for ampicillin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin and doxycycline was significantly decreased in chromium pre-exposed S. aureus compared to unexposed bacteria, whereas cadmium pre-exposed bacteria only showed significant decreased in ZOI for amoxicillin. Moreover, the MIC of amoxicillin for S. aureus was increased by 8-fold in chromium and 32-fold in cadmium when bacteria were co-exposed with low concentrations of amoxicillin. The mRNA expression of femX, mepA and norA also significantly increased in S. aureus after exposure to chromium and a low concentration of amoxicillin.
conclusionCultivation of S. aureus at the minimum levels of chromium or cadmium and a low concentration of amoxicillin increased the inhibitory concentration of amoxicillin through inducing bacterial efflux pumps and antibiotic resistant genes. However, it is warranted to assess the whole transcriptome to find out all responsible factors behind this de novo amoxicillin resistant S. aureus.
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