ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Immunotherapy and brain metastasis in lung cancer: connecting bench side science to the clinic.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Versus Active MRI Surveillance in Small Cell Lung Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Machine learning-based prognostic model and single-cell transcriptomic integration for identifying brain metastasis-associated malignant subpopulations and potential therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma.Cancer cell international · 2026Article
- Association of rurality with brain metastasis at initial diagnosis of lung cancer.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Therapeutic Impact of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Management of Brain Metastases from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Impact of baseline brain metastases on survival and CNS progression in NSCLC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in real-world studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Article
- Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of brain metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Leptomeningeal metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma associated with Lemierre syndrome in a middle-aged man: a case report and review of the literature.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Review
- The immune microenvironment of the central nervous system and neuromodulation: new perspectives in lung cancer brain metastases research.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Paradigm shift in patients with multiple brain metastases from whole brain radiotherapy to high precision multimodality treatment including stereotactic radiotherapy.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer: crosstalk between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment components.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Research progress of anti-angiogenic therapy combined with immunotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer (Review).Oncology letters · 2025Review
- The Evidence That Brain Cancers Could Be Effectively Treated with In-Home Radiofrequency Waves.Cancers · 2025Article
- Article
- A Practical, Short, [Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Spatial Multiomics Reveals Intratumoral Immune Heterogeneity with Distinct Cytokine Networks in Lung Cancer Brain Metastases.Cancer research communications · 2024Article
- Adding immune checkpoint inhibitors to chemotherapy confers modest survival benefit in patients with small cell lung cancer and brain metastases: a retrospective analysis.Translational lung cancer research · 2024Article
- Review
- Development of an optimized machine learning approach for assessing brain metastatic burden in preclinical models.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common form of intracranial malignant neoplasms in adults, with a profound impact on quality of life and traditionally associated with a dismal prognosis. Lung cancer accounts for approximately 40%-50% of BM across different tumors. The process leading to BMs is complex and includes local invasion, intravasation, tumor cells circulation into the bloodstream, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, extravasation of tumor cells into the brain parenchyma, and interaction with cells of the brain microenvironment, among others. Once the tumor cells have seeded in the brain parenchyma, they encounter different glial cells of the brain, as well as immune cells. The interaction between these cells and tumor cells is complex and is associated with both antitumoral and protumoral effects. To overcome the lethal prognosis associated with BMs, different treatment strategies have been developed, such as immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, which have demonstrated to be an effective treatment in both non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. These antibodies have shown to be effective in the treatment of BM, alone or in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, many unsolved questions remain to be answered, such as the sequencing of immunotherapy and radiotherapy, the optimal management in symptomatic BMs, the role of the addition of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, and so forth. The complexity in the management of BMs in the era of immunotherapy requires a multidisciplinary approach to adequately treat this devastating event. The aim of this review is to summarize evidence regarding epidemiology of BM, its pathophysiology, current approach to treatment strategies, as well as future perspectives.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.