ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2024
Perceived social support and longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety in World Trade Center responders.
Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association of Social Support With Complicated Grief and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Student Survivors of the Sewol Ferry Disaster: An Observational Longitudinal Study.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Observational
- The effect of nurses' perceived social support on turnover intention: the chain mediation of occupational coping self-efficacy and depression.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- A tripartite biopsychosocial intervention program enhances mental health and quality of life in elderly patients with depression secondary to geriatric diseases.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
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9 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeWhile severely distressing events are known to affect mental health adversely, some survivors develop only short-lived or no psychiatric symptoms in the aftermath of a disaster. In the WTC Health Program General Responder Cohort (WTCHP GRC) we examined whether social support was protective against the development of depression or anxiety symptoms after the 9/11 WTC attacks and explored in a subsample whether trait resilience moderated this relationship.
methodsWe analyzed data from 14,033 traditional and 13,478 non-traditional responders who attended at least three periodic health monitoring visits between 2002 and 2019. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder screener; GAD-7) scores. In a subsample of 812 participants, we also assessed if the association between social support and symptoms was moderated by an individual's trait resilience level (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, CD-RISC).
resultsFor both traditional and non-traditional responders, perceived social support around 9/11 was associated with lower levels of depressive (β = - 0.24, S.E. = 0.017, z = - 14.29, p < 0.001) and anxiety symptoms (β = - 0.17, S. E. = 0.016, z = - 10.48, p < 0.001). Trait resilience scores were higher in responders with at least one source of social support during the aftermath of 9/11 compared to those without (mean 71.56, SD 21.58 vs mean 76.64, SD 17.06; β = 5.08, S.E. = 0.36, p < 0.001). Trait resilience moderated the association between social support and depressive (p < 0.001) and anxiety trajectories (p < 0.001) for traditional responders.
conclusionOur findings suggest that perceived social support around a severely distressing event may have long-term protective effects on symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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