ArticleBMC psychology2023
Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) Scale: a Bifactor-ESEM approach in a youth sample (15-24 years).
Article in BMC psychology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the 7C Vaccination Readiness Scale: Evidence from Slovenia.Zdravstveno varstvo · 2026Article
- Predictors of vaccine hesitancy among medical students at the University of Belgrade.BMC medical education · 2025Article
- The relationships among psychosocial impact, professional type, and vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Why does health literacy matter, and for whom? Explaining the differentiating impact of health literacy on vaccine attitudes.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) Scale is a widely used scale designed to measure general attitudes toward vaccinations. However, evidence for the VAX's structural, convergent, and discriminant validity is still limited, especially in youth samples.
methodsThe present study examined the psychometric multidimensionality and evidence of convergent and discriminant validity of the VAX using the bifactor-exploratory structural equation modeling approach (bifactor-ESEM). Using a sample of 803 Serbian adolescents and young adults (M
resultsThe results supported the bifactor-ESEM solution with one general factor of vaccination attitudes and four specific factors (Mistrust of vaccine benefit, Worries about unforeseen future effects, Concerns about commercial profiteering, and Preference for natural immunity) as the best representation of the data. The general factor was well-defined, and three specific factors showed good validity and specificity after the general factor was taken into account. The results of convergent validity analyses showed that the general factor of vaccine attitudes and one specific factor (Mistrust of vaccine benefit) were good predictors of vaccine conspiracy beliefs, attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination, intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19, and trust in healthcare. The remaining three specific factors' contributions to external criteria were generally weak and nonsignificant. Evidence of the discriminant validity of the VAX scores was supported by weak positive associations of the general factor with medical fears and paranoid worry.
conclusionsThe present findings indicate that distinguishing general and specific components of vaccination attitudes offers a more nuanced assessment and understanding of vaccination attitudes.
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