ArticleCureus2023
Association Between Digital Device Utilization and Asthenopia Among Medical Students at King Khalid University.
Article in Cureus, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical manifestations, prevalence, and risk factors of asthenopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Consensus on Diagnostic Criteria, Clinical Symptoms, and Risk Factors for Visual Fatigue: A Modified Delphi Study.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- Digital Eye Strain: Updated Perspectives.Clinical optometry · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Digital eye strain has become a serious concern due to the exponential increase in the usage of digital devices in recent years. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of digital eye strain among medical students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of one month, from 15th June to 15th July 2023, among undergraduate medical students at King Khalid University, Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. An online survey was carried out using a structured questionnaire that was circulated through social media platforms (Facebook, Messenger, Instagram, Telegram, and WhatsApp). Results A total of 300 students were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of ocular problems, in descending order, was as follows: asthenopia had the highest prevalence at 30.5% (94), followed by conjunctivitis at 9.4% (29); squint, glaucoma, and cataract had lower prevalence rates of 3.9% (12), 1.6% (5), and 1.6% (5), respectively. The majority of participants used digital devices for fun (92.9% (286)) and study (95.5% (294)). Significant positive correlations were found between asthenopia and the hours spent on digital devices for studying (r = 0.161, p = 0.005), communication (r = 0.146, p = 0.011), and entertainment (r = 0.206, p < 0.001). Conclusions A substantial number of medical students are experiencing asthenopia. Prolonged usage of these devices is linked to a higher prevalence of asthenopia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.