ArticleThe Journal of school health2024
Pushed Out and Drawn In: Exclusionary Discipline, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Youth in Public Schools.
Article in The Journal of school health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Identifying the Depressive Profiles Among Latinx Adolescents Who Have Experienced School Discipline and School Policing: Evidence for the School-to-Patient Nexus.JAACAP open · 2026Article
- A multiple-methods exploration of the "school-to-suicide pipeline".BMC public health · 2026Article
- The Schools Unified in Neurodiversity Collaborative: Co-designing a program to enhance educator knowledge and efficacy supporting children with neurodevelopmental disabilities.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026Article
- Factors associated with school absenteeism in adolescents with mental illness: a multivariate analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Juvenile delinquency and cognitive function in adulthood: Differentiating violent and nonviolent behaviors and exploring multiple mechanisms.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExclusionary discipline (ED) has long been an educational equity concern, but its relationship with student health and protective factors is less understood.
methodsUsing population-based public school student data (N = 82,216), we examined associations between past-month ED and positive depression and anxiety screening instrument results. We also assessed whether each of 9 potential protective factors moderated the ED-mental health relationship by testing interaction effects.
resultsOver 1 in 10 youth experienced past-month ED, with variation by sex, gender identity, special education status, poverty, region, race/ethnicity, and adverse childhood experiences. Net of sociodemographic factors, youth who experienced ED had higher likelihood for current depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.55, 1.73) and anxiety (AOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.41, 1.58) symptoms. Significant associations were robust across 5 racial/ethnic groups, except for anxiety among American Indian/Alaska Native youth. Individual, interpersonal, and school-level protective factors appeared to mitigate depression and anxiety regardless of disciplinary experience. IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY: Our findings document ED disproportionality and possible ramifications for emotional well-being.
conclusionsIn concert with structural efforts to reduce reliance on ED, strategies that bolster protective factors may support youth already impacted by ED and/or mental health problems.
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Registered trials
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