ReviewInternational dental journal2023
Antimicrobial Mouthwashes: An Overview of Mechanisms-What Do We Still Need to Know?
Review in International dental journal, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride and essential oil mouthwashes in reducing plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Evidence-based dentistry · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy and patient-reported outcomes of coconut oil as adjunctive periodontitis treatment: triple-blinded pilot randomized trial.BMC oral health · 2026Trial
- Randomised-crossover clinical trial on the substantivity of a single application of a gel containing chlorhexidine and o-cymen-5-ol on the oral biofilm and saliva.BMC oral health · 2024Trial
- Article
- Effect of a cannabidiol-based mouthwash on dental enamel properties and biofilm control: an In situ study.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Peroxidase-mimicking chitosan/dextran-coated cobalt ferrite-graphene oxide nanozyme enhances hydrogen peroxide-mediated killing of cariogenic pathogens in dental biofilm models.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of fluoride-free mouthwashes against Scardovia wiggsiae.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026Article
- Scale reliant mixed effects models enhance microbiome data analysis.Microbiome · 2026Article
- Association between Oral Streptococcus Mutans Counts and Proteinuria in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study Using Chlorhexidine.JMA journal · 2026Article
- Effect of antimicrobial oral rinse use on prognostic scores in critically ill patients.Brazilian oral research · 2026Article
- A high-throughput screening approach to discover potential colorectal cancer chemotherapeutics: repurposing drugs to identify novel disruptors of 14-3-3 proteins.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- In Vitro Evaluation of Plant Antimicrobials AgainstPolymers · 2025Article
- Maple polyphenols inhibit sortase and drastically reduceMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Impact of integrated quaternary ammonium compounds in conventional glass-ionomers on cariogenic oral microflora: An in vitro analysis.Journal of dental research, dental clinics, dental prospects · 2025Article
- Student-performed periodontal therapy: retrospective cohort study on outcomes and related recommendations for enhancing undergraduate periodontal education.BMC medical education · 2025Article
- Bacterial evolution in the oral microbiome: the role of conjugative elements and horizontal gene transfer.Journal of bacteriology · 2025Review
- Effect of the DarolacMicroorganisms · 2025Review
- Comparative in vitro study of a new silicone mouth swab for soft tissue cleaning under wet and dry brushing conditions.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Novel Quaternary Ammonium Urethane-Dimethacrylates for Copolymers with Low Water Sorption and Solubility.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Innovative strategies targeting oral microbial dysbiosis: unraveling mechanisms and advancing therapies for periodontitis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This narrative literature review is the first in a 6-section supplement on the role of mouthwashes in oral care. This introduction briefly summarises current knowledge on antimicrobial mechanisms, relating to some of the most common over-the-counter mouthwash products available worldwide: chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, cetylpyridinium chloride, povidone iodine, and essential oils. The aim of this first article is to describe how mouthwashes "kill" pathogenic microbes when used adjunctively and thus provide a basis for their widespread use to manage key oral diseases, namely caries, gingivitis, and periodontal disease. This article therefore sets the scene for subsequent, more detailed exploration of mouthwashes regarding their clinical effectiveness, impact on the oral microbiome, and possible effects on systemic health as well as natural alternatives and future directions. Other than the clinical effectiveness (for certain agents) of mouthwashes, on many topics there remains insufficient evidence for systematic review or formulation of robust national guidelines. The supplement, therefore, compiled by an international task team, is aimed at general dental practitioners across the globe, as an easy-to-read guide for helping to advise patients on mouthwash use based on the current best available evidence.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.