ArticleEnvironment international2023
Urine antimony and risk of cardiovascular disease - A prospective case-cohort study in Danish Non-Smokers.
Article in Environment international, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Combined Effects and Potential Mechanisms of Multiple Metals Exposure on Coronary Artery Disease in the US Population: An Integrated Epidemiological and Network Toxicology Study.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Montelukast Ameliorates Antimony-Induced Neurotoxicity Accompanied by Alterations in Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Mitochondrial Function.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Association of metal and metalloid exposure with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: mediation by inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Associations of Exposure to 56 Serum Trace Elements with the Prevalence and Severity of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Omics, Mixture, and Mediation Analysis.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Association between Mixed Heavy Metal Exposure and Arterial Stiffness, with Alkaline Phosphatase Identified as a Mediator.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 10 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLimited evidence suggests that antimony induces vascular inflammation and oxidative stress and may play a role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, few studies have examined whether environmental antimony from sources other than tobacco smoking is related with CVD risk. The general population may be exposed through air, drinking water, and food that contains antimony from natural and anthropogenic sources, such as mining, coal combustion, and manufacturing.
objectivesTo examine the association of urine antimony with incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and stroke among people who never smoked tobacco.
methodsBetween 1993 and 1997, the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health (DCH) cohort enrolled participants (ages 50-64 years), including n = 19,394 participants who reported never smoking at baseline. Among these never smokers, we identified incident cases of AMI (N = 809), heart failure (N = 958), and stroke (N = 534) using the Danish National Patient Registry. We also randomly selected a subcohort of 600 men and 600 women. We quantified urine antimony concentrations in samples provided at enrollment. We used modified Cox proportional hazards models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for each incident CVD outcome in relation to urine antimony, statistically adjusted for creatinine. We used a separate prospective cohort, the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study (SLVDS), to replicate these results.
resultsIn the DCH cohort, urine antimony concentrations were positively associated with rates of AMI and heart failure (HR = 1.52; 95%CI = 1.12, 2.08 and HR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.15, 2.18, respectively, comparing participants in the highest (>0.09 µg/L) with the lowest quartile (<0.02 µg/L) of antimony). In the SLVDS cohort, urinary antimony was positively associated with AMI, but not heart failure. DISCUSSION: Among this sample of Danish people who never smoked, we found that low levels of urine antimony are associated with incident CVD. These results were partially confirmed in a smaller US cohort.
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