Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37865641›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2023

Zika, chikungunya and co-occurrence in Brazil: space-time clusters and associated environmental-socioeconomic factors.

Raquel Gardini Sanches Palasio, Patricia Marques Moralejo Bermudi, Fernando Luiz de Lima Macedo, Lidia Maria Reis Santana, Francisco Chiaravalloti-Neto

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  3. Characterization of the clinical forms of chronic chikungunya: an observational cohort study in Rio de Janeiro.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2026
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  14. Chikungunya clusters in the state of Bahia: influence of environmental and social factors.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Raquel Gardini Sanches PalasioLaboratory of Spatial Analysis in Health (LAES), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (FSP/USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. raquelpalasio@alumni.usp.br.
Patricia Marques Moralejo BermudiLaboratory of Spatial Analysis in Health (LAES), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (FSP/USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Fernando Luiz de Lima MacedoEpidemiological Surveillance Center (CVE) Prof. Alexandre Vranjac, Coordination of Disease Control, Health Department of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Lidia Maria Reis SantanaEpidemiological Surveillance Center (CVE) Prof. Alexandre Vranjac, Coordination of Disease Control, Health Department of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Francisco Chiaravalloti-NetoLaboratory of Spatial Analysis in Health (LAES), Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (FSP/USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Chikungunya and Zika have been neglected as emerging diseases. This study aimed to analyze the space-time patterns of their occurrence and co-occurrence and their associated environmental and socioeconomic factors. Univariate (individually) and multivariate (co-occurrence) scans were analyzed for 608,388 and 162,992 cases of chikungunya and Zika, respectively. These occurred more frequently in the summer and autumn. The clusters with the highest risk were initially located in the northeast, dispersed to the central-west and coastal areas of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (2018-2021), and then increased in the northeast (2019-2021). Chikungunya and Zika demonstrated decreasing trends of 13% and 40%, respectively, whereas clusters showed an increasing trend of 85% and 57%, respectively. Clusters with a high co-occurrence risk have been identified in some regions of Brazil. High temperatures are associated with areas at a greater risk of these diseases. Chikungunya was associated with low precipitation levels, more urbanized environments, and places with greater social inequalities, whereas Zika was associated with high precipitation levels and low sewage network coverage. In conclusion, to optimize the surveillance and control of chikungunya and Zika, this study's results revealed high-risk areas with increasing trends and priority months and the role of socioeconomic and environmental factors.

Indexed as

Chikungunya FeverDengueZika VirusZika Virus InfectionBrazilHumansSocioeconomic Factors

Identifiers

PMID37865641
PMCPMC10590386

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.