ArticleScientific reports2023
The combination of cigarette smoke and solar rays causes effects similar to skin aging in a bilayer skin model.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- In vitro modelling of extracellular matrix changes during skin aging: from static 2D to 3D dynamic microphysiological systems.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Review
- Synthetic and Natural Agents Targeting Advanced Glycation End-Products for Skin Anti-Aging: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental and Clinical Studies.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Role of ferroptosis-related IREB2 in the shared genetic etiology between smoking and facial aging: Insights from large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- The effect of smoking and other tobacco product use on perceptions of skin quality and health, approaches to skin care, and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures: A cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Lipid Peroxidation as the Mechanism Underlying Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Sunlight Synergistic Toxicity in Dermal Fibroblasts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Skin aging is a multifactorial process influenced by internal and external factors. The contribution of different environmental factors has been well established individually in the last few years. On the one hand, man is rarely exposed to a single factor, and on the other hand, there is very little knowledge about how these extrinsic factors may interact with each other or even how the skin may react to chronic exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the effect on skin aging of a chronic co-exposure of tissue-engineered skin substitutes to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and solar simulator light (SSL). Skin substitutes were reconstructed according to the self-assembly method and then exposed to CSE followed by irradiation with SSL simultaneously transmitting UVA1, visible light and infrared. When skin substitutes were chronically exposed to CSE and SSL, a significant decrease in procollagen I synthesis and the inhibition of Smad2 phosphorylation of the TGF-β signaling pathway were observed. A 6.7-fold increase in MMP-1 activity was also observed when CSE was combined with SSL, resulting in a decrease in collagen III and collagen IV protein expression. The secretory profile resulting from the toxic synergy was investigated and several alterations were observed, notably an increase in the quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results also revealed the activation of the ERK1/2 (3.4-fold) and JNK (3.3-fold) pathways. Taken together, the results showed that a synergy between the two environmental factors could provoke premature skin aging.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.