ArticleThe journal of economic perspectives : a journal of the American Economic Association2022
Inequality in Early Care Experienced by US Children.
Article in The journal of economic perspectives : a journal of the American Economic Association, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- "Not an option": How Mothers with Limited Incomes View Barriers to Child Care Use for Infants and Toddlers.Children and youth services review · 2026Article
- "I teach her at home": Home learning environments amid resource constraints.Family relations · 2026Article
- Article
- Trends in Mothers' Work Schedules in the United States, 1988-2019: Differences by Education, Family Structure, and Race and Ethnicity.Demography · 2025Article
- Education Gradients in Parental Time Investment and Subjective Well-being.Review of economics of the household · 2025Article
- State-Level Spending on Children Associated with Unequal Benefits to School Readiness.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Article
- Is Childcare Availability in Addiction Treatment Associated with County-Level Childcare Prices and Median Income in the United States?Health services insights · 2025Article
- The minimum wage and parent time use.Review of economics of the household · 2023Article
- Tag-Team Parenting: Trends in Work Schedule Synchronization among Families with Young Children.Socius : sociological research for a dynamic worldArticle
- Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Using every major nationally representative dataset on parental and non-parental care provided to children up to age 6, we quantify differences in American children's care experiences by socioeconomic status (SES), proxied primarily with maternal education. Increasingly, higher-SES children spend less total time with their parents and more time in the care of others. Non-parental care for high-SES children is more likely to be in childcare centers, where average quality is higher, and less likely to be provided by relatives where average quality is lower. Even within types of childcare, higher-SES children tend to receive care of higher measured quality and higher cost. Inequality is evident at home as well: measures of parental enrichment at home, from both self-reports and outside observers, are on average higher for higher-SES children. We also find that parental and non-parental quality is reinforcing: children who receive higher quality non-parental care also tend to receive higher quality parental care.
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