ArticlePloS one2023
Translation and cultural adaptation of drug use stigma and HIV stigma measures among people who use drugs in Tanzania.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Examining the Psychometric Properties of a Revised 40-Item Berger HIV Stigma Scale.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Generalized and COVID-19 related anxiety among Tanzanian adolescents with HIV and association with HIV outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC public health · 2025Article
- "Trust and suspicion" client and provider perspectives on the acceptability of medication for opioid use disorder among people who inject drugs in Kampala, Uganda.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Stigma, depression and pillbox return among adults living with HIV in rural Tanzania: A prospective cohort study.HIV medicine · 2025Article
- Factors influencing the type of self-acceptance in drug addicts and the relationship with subthreshold depression: evidence based on latent profile analysis.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- The complex relationships among self-acceptance, perceived social support, drug use stereotype threat, and subthreshold depression in people with substance use disorder: exploring the mediating and buffering effects.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Drug-related stigma among people who inject drugs - development and validation of the drug use stigma scale (DUSS).PloS one · 2025Article
- Psychometric performance of tools to measure internalized drug use stigma among people who use drugs and people on medication-assisted treatment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Association Between Clinical Encounter Frequency and HIV-Related Stigma Among Newly-Diagnosed People Living with HIV in Rwanda.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionPeople who use drugs (PWUD) experience stigma from multiple sources due to their drug use. HIV seroprevalence for PWUD in Tanzania is estimated to range from 18 to 25%. So, many PWUD will also experience HIV stigma. Both HIV and drug use stigma have negative health and social outcomes, it is therefore important to measure their magnitude and impact. However, no contextually and linguistically adapted measures are available to assess either HIV or drug use stigma among PWUD in Tanzania. In response, we translated and culturally adapted HIV and drug use stigma measures among Tanzanian PWUD and described that process in this study.
methodsThis was a cross-sectional study. We translated and adapted existing validated stigma measures by following a modified version of Wild's ten steps for translation and adaptation. We also added new items on stigmatizing actions that were not included in the original measures. Following translation and back translation, we conducted 40 cognitive debriefs among 19 PWUD living with and 21 PWUD not living with HIV in Dar es Salaam to assess comprehension of the original and new items. For challenging items, we made adaptations and repeated cognitive debriefs among ten new PWUD participants where half of them were living with HIV.
resultsMost of the original items (42/54, 78%), response options and all items with new 12 stigmatizing actions were understood by participants. Challenges included response options for a few items; translation to Swahili; and differences in participants' interpretation of Swahili words. We made changes to these items and the final versions were understood by PWUD participants.
conclusionDrug use and HIV stigma measures can successfully be translated and culturally adapted among Tanzanian PWUD living with and without HIV. We are currently conducting research to determine the stigma measures' psychometric properties and we will report the results separately.
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