ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2024
The Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Association Between Thyroid Function and Depression: A Population-Based Study.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Levels and Depression in Older Adults: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses in a Community-Dwelling Population.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Association of major depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with thyroid cancer: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomized study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Trial
- Thyroid Dysfunction and the Risk of Clinically Relevant Depression: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.Mayo Clinic proceedings · 2026Article
- Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Women Treated Due to Infertility.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Moderated mediating effects of perceived loneliness and economic burden between social support and mental health for lung cancer patients.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Postmarketing pharmacovigilance study of levothyroxine based on FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) and Mendelian randomization.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Revisiting Thyroid Function in Patients Undergoing Electroconvulsive Therapy for Severe or Treatment-Resistant Depression.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Sleep patterns, depression, and incident thyroid diseases: a large cohort study of 371,627 United Kingdom biobank participants.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Novel ThyPRO-39-based nomogram for identifying impaired quality of life in Graves' hyperthyroidism outpatients: development and internal validation.Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- Association between free thyroxine and aggression: the chain mediating role of hostile attribution bias and psychological resilience.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Sleep disorders in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: a case-control study.Endocrine · 2025Article
- Development and Validation of a Machine Learning Model for Predicting Long-Term Depression Risk in ACS Patients After PCI: A Retrospective Cohort Study.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- Specific effects of distinct types of adverse childhood experiences on the co-occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents: a latent class analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- A Study on Serum Cortisol Levels and Thyroid Profile in Patients With Unipolar Depression.Cureus · 2024Article
- The Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Association Between Thyroid Function and Depression: A Population-Based Study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- The Association between Depression, Anxiety, and Thyroid Disease: A UK Biobank Prospective Cohort Study.Depression and anxiety · 2024Article
- Risk Factors for Post-Stroke Depression Following the Lifting of COVID-19 Restrictions.International journal of general medicine · 2024Article
- Lifestyle and Quality of Life of Women Diagnosed with Hypothyroidism in the Context of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver.Metabolites · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextAn association of thyroid function with mood disorders has been widely suggested, but very few studies have examined this association longitudinally.
objectiveWe assessed the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between thyroid function and depression in a population-based cohort.
methodsA total of 9471 individuals were included in cross-sectional analyses, of whom 8366 had longitudinal data. At baseline, we assessed thyroid function using serum samples (thyrotropin [TSH], free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid peroxidase antibodies) and depressive symptoms using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Incident depressive events (n = 1366) were continuously followed up with the CES-D and clinical interviews. We analyzed the cross-sectional association of thyroid function and thyroid disease with depressive symptoms using linear and logistic regression, and the longitudinal association with Cox proportional hazard models for depressive events.
resultsLower TSH levels and lower and higher FT4 levels were cross-sectionally associated with more depressive symptoms with a B value of -0.07 per 1 unit increase of natural log-transformed TSH (95% CI -0.11; -0.04). Furthermore, hypothyroidism was cross-sectionally associated with less depressive symptoms and hyperthyroidism with more depressive symptoms. Longitudinally, there was a U-shaped association between FT4 and incident depressive events but only in euthyroid participants.
conclusionWe show a cross-sectional association between thyroid (dys)function with depressive symptoms, and a U-shaped association between FT4 and incident depressive events in euthyroid individuals. Our findings suggest an association of thyroid function with the risk of developing depression, albeit small. Reverse causation and additional underlying factors may also contribute to the association.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.