ArticleBMJ open2023
Analysis of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and response on routine childhood vaccination coverage and equity in Northern Nigeria: a mixed methods study.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The impact of COVID-19 on general vaccine acceptance in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Diphtheria Vaccination Coverage and Correlation With Multidimensional Poverty Among Children in Nigeria.Public health challenges · 2026Article
- Trends in childhood routine immunisation and maternal health service access and utilisation in Sokoto State, Nigeria. A quantitative survey.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Culturally Tailored Women's Empowerment Strategies to Improve Immunization Uptake: Formative Research Using a Human-Centered Design Approach.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Routine immunization coverage among children under 24 months and its determinants in Eastern and Oti regions of Ghana.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Parental and step-parental attitudes toward childhood vaccination in Kaduna State of Nigeria: a health belief model approach.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Integrating routine immunization into COVID-19 vaccination improve coverage but could create equity issues: evidence from Niger State, Nigeria.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Understanding caregivers' and community influencers' perspectives on the barriers to childhood immunisation in Northern Nigerian States with public-private partnerships in routine immunisation programme.BMC public health · 2025Article
- An evaluation of a multi-partner approach to increase routine immunization coverage in six northern Nigerian States.BMC health services research · 2024Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundBased on 2021 data, Nigeria had the second largest number of zero-dose children globally estimated at over 2.25 million, concentrated in the northern part of the country due to factors some of which are sociocultural. This study analysed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and response on childhood vaccination in Northern Nigeria.
methodsUsing a mixed methods sequential study design in the most populous northern states of Kaduna and Kano, quantitative routine immunisation data for the period 2018-2021 and qualitative data collected through 16 focus group discussions and 40 key informant interviews were used. An adaptation of the socioecological model was used as a conceptual framework. Mean vaccination coverages and test of statistical difference in childhood vaccination data were computed. Qualitative data were coded and analysed thematically.
resultsMean Penta 1 coverage declined in Kaduna from 69.88% (SD=21.02) in 2018 to 59.54% (SD=19.14%) by 2021, contrasting with Kano where mean Penta 1 coverage increased from 51.87% (SD=12.61) to 56.32% (SD=17.62%) over the same period. Outreaches and vaccination in urban areas declined for Kaduna state by 10% over the pandemic period in contrast to Kano state where it showed a marginal increase. The two states combined had an estimated 25% of the country's zero-dose burden in 2021. Lockdowns, lack of transport and no outreaches which varied across the states were some of the factors mentioned by participants to have negatively impacted childhood vaccination. Special vaccination outreaches were among the recommendations for ensuring continued vaccination through a future pandemic.
conclusionWhile further interrogating the accuracy of denominator estimates for the urban population, incorporating findings into pandemic preparedness and response will ensure uninterrupted childhood vaccination during emergencies. Addressing the identified issues will be critical to achieving and sustaining universal childhood vaccination in Nigeria.
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