ArticlePloS one2023
Sex differences in risk factors for incident peripheral artery disease hospitalisation or death: Cohort study of UK Biobank participants.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smoking as a risk factor for lower extremity peripheral artery disease in women compared to men: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Sex-Specific Differences in Patients with Sarcopenia and Peripheral Artery Disease.Muscles (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Implications of inflammation and sex in lower extremity arterial disease.European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Unveiling the Sex-Based Divide: Exploring Sex Differences in Peripheral Artery Disease.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025Review
- Clinical Characteristics and Angioplasty Outcomes in Lower Extremity Artery Disease Patients with Normal Ankle-Brachial Index: A Clinical Conundrum.Acta Cardiologica Sinica · 2025Article
- Diabetes, glycaemic traits and cardiovascular disease in females and males: Observational and Mendelian randomisation analyses in the UK Biobank.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Observational
- Sex differences in features of atherosclerotic plaques as revealed by various imaging techniques: historical review.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Sex, Endothelial Cell Functions, and Peripheral Artery Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWomen with peripheral artery disease (PAD) often have atypical symptoms, late hospital presentations, and worse prognosis. Risk factor identification and management are important. We assessed sex differences in associations of risk factors with PAD.
methods500,207 UK Biobank participants (54.5% women, mean age 56.5 years) without prior hospitalisation of PAD at baseline were included. Examined risk factors included blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lipids, adiposity, history of stroke or myocardial infarction (MI), socioeconomic status, kidney function, C-reactive protein, and alcohol consumption. Poisson and Cox regressions were used to estimate sex-specific incidence of PAD hospitalisation or death, hazard ratios (HRs), and women-to-men ratios of HRs (RHR) with confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsOver a median of 12.6 years, 2658 women and 5002 men had a documented PAD. Age-adjusted incidence rates were higher in men. Most risk factors were associated with a higher risk of PAD in both sexes. Compared with men, women who were smokers or had a history of stroke or MI had a greater excess risk of PAD (relative to those who never smoked or had no history of stroke or MI): RHR 1.18 (95%CI 1.04, 1.34), 1.26 (1.02, 1.55), and 1.50 (1.25, 1.81), respectively. Higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was more strongly associated with a lower risk of PAD in women than men, RHR 0.81 (0.68, 0.96). Compared to HDL-C at 40 to 60 mg/dL, the lowest level of HDL-C (≤40 mg/dL) was related to greater excess risk in women, RHR 1.20 (1.02, 1.41), whereas the highest level of HDL-C (>80 mg/dL) was associated with lower risk of PAD in women, but higher risk in men, RHR 0.50 (0.38, 0.65).
conclusionsWhile the incidence of PAD was higher in men, smoking and a history of stroke or MI were more strongly associated with a higher risk of PAD in women than men. HDL-C was more strongly associated with a lower risk of PAD in women than men.
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