ArticleEuropean journal of psychotraumatology2023
Differentiating between intrapsychic symptoms and behavioral expressions of borderline personality disorder in relation to childhood emotional maltreatment and emotion dysregulation: an exploratory investigation.
Article in European journal of psychotraumatology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Personality Traits, Psychiatric Symptoms, and Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Depression and Quality of Life in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Impact of Self-Disgust.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Article
- Multi-voxel MR-spectroscopy signatures and associations with EEG network hyperexcitability and clinical symptomatology in borderline personality disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The complexity of associations between emotion regulation, interpersonal sensitivity, cognitive insight, and non-suicidal self-injury: a study based on network analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Accumulated lifetime violence load and interpersonal problems among suicidal women with emotionally unstable personality disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundBorderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental disorder, characterized by pronounced instability in emotions, self-image, and interpersonal relationships. Experiences of childhood maltreatment are among the risk factors for BPD. While self-damaging and aggressive acts often occur, not every person with the disorder shows markedly dysregulated behaviour. Internalized symptoms, such as shame, loneliness, and self-disgust tend to be more pervasive and persist after clinical remission.
objectiveHere we investigated associations between BPD symptom severity, childhood maltreatment, and emotion regulation difficulties. We further explored if the Borderline Symptom List (BSL) could potentially be used to differentiate between internalized symptoms (intrapsychic strain) and externalized symptoms (dysregulated behaviours) in future research.
method187 women with at least mild BPD symptoms (65% having a diagnosis of BPD) completed the BSL 23 including its 11-item supplement (BSL-S), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Participants further underwent a semi-structured clinical interview to assess BPD criteria (International Personality Disorder Examination, IPDE). Multivariate models and regression-based bootstrapping analyses were performed to test direct and indirect effects.
resultsChildhood trauma severity, especially emotional abuse, positively predicted BPD symptom severity. A significant indirect effect through emotion regulation difficulties was found (
conclusionsFindings complement previous research, highlighting the role of childhood maltreatment and emotion regulation difficulties in BPD. While our findings need to be seen as preliminary and interpreted with caution, they suggest that the BSL may be used to differentiate between internalized symptoms and behavioural expressions of BPD in future research. Such a distinction might help to deepen the understanding of this complex heterogenous disorder.
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