ArticlePediatric research2024
Sleep spindles are reduced in children with Down syndrome and sleep-disordered breathing.
Article in Pediatric research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differences in Sleep Spindle Characteristics Between Children With Narcolepsy and Those With Other Causes of Subjective Sleepiness.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental origins of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.EBioMedicine · 2026Review
- Assessing sleep, cognition and overnight memory performance in neurotypically developing youth in a children's hospital.Frontiers in sleep · 2026Article
- Sleep Apnea Specific Hypoxic Burden in Children With Down Syndrome and Typically Developing Children.Journal of sleep research · 2025Article
- Sleep Across the Lifespan: A Neurobehavioral Perspective.Current sleep medicine reports · 2025Review
- Consequences of trisomy 21 for brain development in Down syndrome.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundChildren with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). We investigated sleep spindle activity, as a marker of sleep quality, and its relationship with daytime functioning in children with DS compared to typically developing (TD) children.
methodsChildren with DS and SDB (n = 44) and TD children matched for age, sex and SDB severity underwent overnight polysomnography. Fast or Slow sleep spindles were identified manually during N2/N3 sleep. Spindle activity was characterized as spindle number, density (number of spindles/h) and intensity (density × average duration) on central (C) and frontal (F) electrodes. Parents completed the Child Behavior Check List and OSA-18 questionnaires.
resultsIn children with DS, spindle activity was lower compared to TD children for F Slow and F Slow&Fast spindles combined (p < 0.001 for all). Furthermore, there were no correlations between spindle activity and CBCL subscales; however, spindle activity for C Fast and C Slow&Fast was negatively correlated with OSA-18 emotional symptoms and caregiver concerns and C Fast activity was also negatively correlated with daytime function and total problems.
conclusionsReduced spindle activity in children with DS may underpin the increased sleep disruption and negative effects of SDB on quality of life and behavior. IMPACT: Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which is associated with sleep disruption affecting daytime functioning. Sleep spindles are a sensitive marker of sleep quality. We identified for the first time that children with DS had reduced sleep spindle activity compared to typically developing children matched for SDB severity. The reduced spindle activity likely underpins the more disrupted sleep and may be associated with reduced daytime functioning and quality of life and may also be an early biomarker for an increased risk of developing dementia later in life in children with DS.
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Registered trials
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