ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2023
High number of HPAI H5 virus infections and antibodies in wild carnivores in the Netherlands, 2020-2022.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of a multi-species luciferase-based double-antigen ELISA for the detection of antibodies against influenza A virus H5 clade 2.3.4.4b.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 clade 2.3.4.4 and human new pandemic H1N1 virus exposure in domestic cats with outdoor access in the Netherlands in 2024.Journal of feline medicine and surgery · 2026Article
- Assessing the impact of outdoor farming, farm size, and farm density on highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemics: A modelling study in the Netherlands.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Serologic Surveillance of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H5 in Wildlife, Northeast Germany, 2023-2025.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Dual-route H5N1 vaccination induces systemic and mucosal immunity in murine and bovine models.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Current Status of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Transmission in Mammals.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Avian influenza in Ireland: a spatiotemporal, subtype and host-based analysis (1983-2024).The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- The expanding H5N1 avian influenza panzootic causes high mortality of skuas in Antarctica.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evolution, spread and impact of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza A viruses.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Pathology and virology of natural high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N1) Gs/GD genotype BB virus infection in wild black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus).Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Hunting-training dogs and companion dogs in the Netherlands are frequently exposed to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI H5) and human H1N1 virus, 2021-2023.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b: Evolution, Global Spread, and Host Range Expansion.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Role and Contribution of Serological Surveillance in Animals and Exposed Humans to the Study of Zoonotic Influenza Disease Epidemiology: A Scoping Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Transmission and pathogenicity in ferrets after experimental infection with HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Cats (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- No indication of highly pathogenic avian influenza infections in Dutch cows.JDS communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Influenza A(H5N1) shedding in air corresponds to transmissibility in mammals.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Contributes to the Population Decline of the Peregrine Falcon (Viruses · 2024Article
- Surveillance of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Canids from Pennsylvania, USA.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In October 2020, a new lineage of a clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI virus of the H5 subtype emerged in Europe, resulting in the largest global outbreak of HPAI to date, with unprecedented mortality in wild birds and poultry. The virus appears to have become enzootic in birds, continuously yielding novel HPAI virus variants. The recently increased abundance of infected birds worldwide increases the probability of bird-mammal contact, particularly in wild carnivores. Here, we performed molecular and serological screening of over 500 dead wild carnivores and sequencing of RNA positive materials. We show virological evidence for HPAI H5 virus infection in 0.8%, 1.4%, and 9.9% of animals tested in 2020, 2021, and 2022 respectively, with the highest proportion of positives in foxes, polecats and stone martens. We obtained near full genomes of 7 viruses and detected PB2 amino acid substitutions known to play a role in mammalian adaptation in three sequences. Infections were also found in without neurological signs or mortality. Serological evidence for infection was detected in 20% of the study population. These findings suggests that a high proportion of wild carnivores is infected but undetected in current surveillance programmes. We recommend increased surveillance in susceptible mammals, irrespective of neurological signs or encephalitis.
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