ArticleJournal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA
Patterns of psychotropic medication prescribing and potential drug-hormone interactions among transgender and gender-diverse adults within 2 years of hormone therapy.
Article in Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sociodemographic and Mental Health Characteristics of Adults with Different Gender Trajectories.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Do sex and gender matter in the pharmacological treatment of depression?Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Effect of Testosterone Therapy on Cytochrome P450 3A and P-Glycoprotein Activities Using Midazolam and Digoxin as Probe Substrates Among Transgender Adults.Pharmacotherapy · 2026Article
- Review
- Ketamine-assisted group psychotherapy integrating cognitive processing therapy to address identity-based trauma: a pilot study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Approach to prolactin monitoring and hyperprolactinaemia in transgender and gender-diverse individuals undergoing gender affirming hormone therapy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- The Potential Health Risks and Benefits of Progesterone in the Transgender Woman Population-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Endocrine, gender dysphoria, and sexual function benefits of gender-affirming bilateral orchiectomy: patient outcomes and surgical technique.Sexual medicine · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTransgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people have a high prevalence of psychotropic medication use, yet knowledge about the patient-level psychotropic medication burden is limited. TGD patients may take hormone therapy to meet their gender expression goals. Potential drug-hormone interactions exist between psychotropic medications and hormone therapy, requiring increased knowledge about psychotropic medication use for TGD adults undergoing hormone therapy.
objectivesThe objective of this study was to examine the extent of psychotropic medication polypharmacy in a cohort of TGD adults within 2 years of starting hormone therapy. We also characterized potential drug-hormone interactions and the association with psychotropic polypharmacy.
methodsRetrospective cross-sectional analysis of patients with ≥1 transgender health-related visit (2007-2017) in the University of Washington Medical System (Seattle, WA). Eligible patients had ≥1 psychotropic medication including antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and sedative-hypnotics ordered within 2 years of starting hormone therapy (testosterone or estradiol with or without spironolactone, progesterone, finasteride, or dutasteride). We defined psychotropic polypharmacy as ≥2 psychotropic medication orders with overlapping treatment durations for at least 90 days and characterized potential drug-hormone interactions (Lexicomp, Hudson, OH). We descriptively summarized patients with and without polypharmacy (frequencies and percentages) and compared drug-hormone interactions using chi-square or Fishers exact tests (P < 0.05 considered significant).
resultsA total of 184 patients had ≥1 psychotropic medication order within 2 years of hormone therapy; 68 patients (37.0%) had psychotropic polypharmacy. The most frequent type of psychotropic polypharmacy was antidepressant+sedative-hypnotic (18 of 68, 26.5%). More patients had a potential drug-hormone interaction among those with psychotropic polypharmacy (23 of 68, 33.8%) versus those without (8 of 116, 6.9%, P < 0.001).
conclusionAmong TGD patients on psychotropic medications within 2 years of hormone therapy, one-third had psychotropic polypharmacy. Most polypharmacy types appeared to align with mental health treatment guidelines. The number of patients with a potential drug-hormone interaction was significantly higher among those with polypharmacy. Prospective studies are needed to characterize drug-hormone interactions.
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