Optimal Frequency and Wireless Power Budget for Miniature Receivers in Obese People.

This study investigates wireless power transfer for deep in-body receivers, determining the optimal frequency, power budget, and design for the transmitter and receiver. In particular, the focus is on small, in-body receivers at large depths up to 20 cm for obese patients. This enables long-term monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract for all body types. Numerical simulations are used to investigate power transfer and losses as a function of frequency and to find the optimal design at the selected frequency for an obese body model. From all ISM-frequencies in the investigated range (1 kHz-10 GHz), the value of 13.56 MHz yields the best performance. This optimum corresponds to the transition from dominant copper losses in conductors to dominant losses in conductive tissue. At this frequency, a transmitting and receiving coil are designed consisting of 12 and 23 windings, respectively. With a power transfer efficiency of 2.70×10-5, 18 µW can be received for an input power of 0.68 W while still satisfying exposure guidelines. The power transfer is validated by measurements. For the first time, efficiency values and the power budget are reported for WPT through 20 cm of tissue to mm sized receivers. Compared to WPT at higher frequencies, as commonly used for small receivers, the proposed system is more suitable for WPT to large depths in-body and comes with the advantage that no focusing is required, which can accommodate multiple receivers and uncertainty about receiver location more easily. The received power allows long-term sensing in the gastrointestinal tract by, e.g., temperature, pressure, and pH sensors, motility sensing, or even gastric stimulation.