ArticleDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Association of Inflammatory Cytokine Levels with Extra Glandular Manifestations, Fatigue, and Disease Activity in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome in Saudi Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analysis of CCR9, CXCR5 and ICOS in Circulating Follicular Helper T Cell-like Populations in Sjögren's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Plasma interleukin-12 levels as a potential biomarker of fatigue and quality of life in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia.Blood research · 2025Article
- Review
- Unveiling psychobiological correlates in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a machine learning approach to determinants of disease burden.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Pulmonary Involvement in Sjögren's Syndrome: Correlations with Biomarkers of Activity and High-Resolution Computer Tomography Findings.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrimary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease that can cause fatigue and extraglandular manifestations (EGMs). pSS is associated with cytokine network dysregulation, which may be related to the immune-mediated destruction of exocrine glands.
objectiveWe determined cytokine levels and their relationship to EGMs, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI), and fatigue in Saudi patients with pSS.
methodsThis study was a cross-sectional, single-center study. We included forty-one patients and 71 controls. Serum samples were collected from random healthy people and pSS patients who were followed in the rheumatology and pulmonary clinics of King Saud University Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Levels of the frequently studied cytokines were measured using Luminex xMAP technology. Each ESSDAI score and EGM were recorded, and the Arabic version of the fatigue severity scale (FSS) was applied to assess fatigue. The main outcome measures were cytokine levels in pSS Saudi patients using/not using immune-suppressive medications (ISMs).
resultsThirty-six (87.8%) patients had one or more EGMs, and the mean ESSDAI score was 9.95 ± 7.73. There was a significant decrease in TNFα and IL-21 levels in the pSS group compared to those in the control group (
conclusionsCytokine profiles correlate with EGMs, ESSDAI, and fatigue. Patients with controlled disease activity have a normal cytokine profile that is similar to that of controls.
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