ReviewCancers2023
Extracellular Vesicles in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Immune Regulation, Biomarkers, and Immunotherapeutic Potential.
Review in Cancers, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Early Breast Cancer: Current and Emerging Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers.Cancers · 2026Review
- Scutellaria baicalensis root-derived silver nanoparticles for enhanced Baicalin's biological activities to inhibit breast cancer cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- State-Aware RNA Biomarkers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC): Integrating Tumor Plasticity, Spatial Architecture, and Temporal Monitoring.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Integrative proteomics and metabolomics advance early cancer detection and targeted therapy with emerging technologies and clinical applications.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- A bibliometric analysis of the role of apoptosis in breast cancer immunotherapy from 1994 to 2024.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- GTPBP2 inactivates Hippo signaling to promote triple-negative breast cancer cell malignancy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Emerging Protein Targets in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Beyond Conventional Therapy.Cancers · 2026Review
- Neural regulation of immune evasion in breast cancer: a multiscale neuro-immune framework.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- An updated review on the role of extracellular vesicles in immune system modulation in breast cancer with special emphasis on immune checkpoint regulators.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Redox-Adhesion-Exosome (RAX) Hub in Cancer: Lipid Peroxidation-Driven EMT Plasticity and Ferroptosis Defense with HNE/MDA Signaling and Lipidomic Perspectives.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles Contribute to the Pathophysiology and Progression of Pleural Fibrosis by Promoting Mesothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Neoangiogenesis.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- TMB as a predictive biomarker for ICI response in TNBC: current evidence and future directions for augmented anti-tumor responses.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- ExosomalIranian journal of public health · 2025Article
- MicroRNAs in lung cancer: their role in tumor progression, biomarkers, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic relevance.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Macrophage-derived lncRNAs in cancer: regulators of tumor progression and therapeutic targets.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Role of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Metastasis: Implications for Therapeutics and Biomarker Development.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Multifunctional Nanomaterials: Recent Advancements in Cancer Therapeutics and Vaccines.Indian journal of microbiology · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles in triple-negative breast cancer: current updates, challenges and future prospects.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- Review
- IRF5 suppresses metastasis through the regulation of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles and pre-metastatic niche formation.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype accounting for ~10-20% of all human BC and is characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification. Owing to its unique molecular profile and limited targeted therapies, TNBC treatment poses significant challenges. Unlike other BC subtypes, TNBC lacks specific molecular targets, rendering endocrine therapies and HER2-targeted treatments ineffective. The chemotherapeutic regimen is the predominant systemic treatment modality for TNBC in current clinical practice. However, the efficacy of chemotherapy in TNBC is variable, with response rates varying between a wide range of patients, and the emerging resistance further adds to the difficulties. Furthermore, TNBC exhibits a higher mutational burden and is acknowledged as the most immunogenic of all BC subtypes. Consequently, the application of immune checkpoint inhibition has been investigated in TNBC, yielding promising outcomes. Recent evidence identified extracellular vesicles (EVs) as an important contributor in the context of TNBC immunotherapy. In view of the extraordinary ability of EVs to transfer bioactive molecules, such as proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNAs, and small miRNAs, between the cells, EVs are considered a promising diagnostic biomarker and novel drug delivery system among the prospects for immunotherapy. The present review provides an in-depth understanding of how EVs influence TNBC progression, its immune regulation, and their contribution as a predictive biomarker for TNBC. The final part of the review focuses on the recent key advances in immunotherapeutic strategies for better understanding the complex interplay between EVs and the immune system in TNBC and further developing EV-based targeted immunotherapies.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.