ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2023
The Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of non-replicating vaccines for controlling African swine fever in domestic pigs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Pooled it
- Next-generation vaccine adjuvants: Integrating nanotechnology, systems immunology, and computational approaches for precision vaccinology.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- mRNA Therapeutics Beyond Infectious Diseases: Expanding Therapeutic Applications and Future Perspectives.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Review
- Dual-Function Lipid-Based Nanovector Strategy for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy: STING Activation and M1 Microglia Polarization.Drug development research · 2026Review
- A comprehensive analysis of the use of nucleoside analogues in RNA therapeutics.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Next-generation mucosal vaccines for respiratory viruses: Immunological correlates, platform design and clinical translation.World journal of virology · 2026Review
- PolyA tail segmentation improves the stability of the template DNA and increases the translatability of in vitro transcribed mRNA.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Directed Evolution of T7 RNA Polymerase Minimizes dsRNA By-product and Enables High-Fidelity mRNA Synthesis for Demanding Therapeutic Applications.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- The strategies and advances of mRNA translation booster.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Review
- Challenges and opportunities on achieving an adequate delivery efficiency and immunogenicity with peptide-based anticancer vaccines.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2025Review
- The Interplay Between Therapeutic Self-Amplifying RNA and the Innate Immune System: Balancing Efficiency and Reactogenicity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A multiscale physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to support mRNA-encoded BiTE therapy in cancer treatment.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- mRNA vaccines in the context of cancer treatment: from concept to application.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- The multifaceted roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in osteoarthritis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Review
- Current Progress in the Development of mRNA Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Progress and prospects of mRNA-based drugs in pre-clinical and clinical applications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- A Cap-Optimized mRNA Encoding Multiepitope Antigen ESAT6 Induces Robust Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses AgainstVaccines · 2024Article
- Advancements and challenges in mRNA and ribonucleoprotein-based therapies: From delivery systems to clinical applications.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology have revolutionized the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) as a therapeutic. The concept of nucleic acid therapy with mRNA originated in 1990 when Wolff et al. reported successful expression of proteins in target organs by direct injection of either plasmid DNA or mRNA. It took decades to bring the transfection efficiency of mRNA closer to that of DNA. The next few decades were dedicated to turning in vitro-transcribed (IVT) mRNA from a promising delivery tool for gene therapy into a full-blown therapeutic modality, which changed the biotech market rapidly. Hundreds of clinical trials are currently underway using mRNA for prophylaxis and therapy of infectious diseases and cancers, in regenerative medicine, and genome editing. The potential of IVT mRNA to induce an innate immune response favors its use for vaccination and immunotherapy. Nonetheless, in non-immunotherapy applications, the intrinsic immunostimulatory activity of mRNA directly hinders the desired therapeutic effect since it can seriously impair the target protein expression. Targeting the same innate immune factors can increase the effectiveness of mRNA therapeutics for some indications and decrease it for others, and vice versa. The review aims to present the innate immunity-related 'barriers' or 'springboards' that may affect the development of immunotherapies and non-immunotherapy applications of mRNA medicines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.