ArticleScientific reports2023
Seamlessly integrated textile electrodes and conductive routing in a garment for electrostimulation: design, manufacturing and evaluation.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comfort, consistency, and efficiency of garments with textile electrodes versus hydrogel electrodes for neuromuscular electrical stimulation in a randomized crossover trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Clinical Outcomes of Individualized Electrostimulation Using a Wearable Electro Suit and Qualitative Feedback From a Mixed Cohort of Survivors of Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury With Spasticity: Case Series.JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies · 2026Article
- Profiled Wet Spinning of Polyurethane Composites for Soft Dry Electrodes in Transcutaneous Stimulation Applications.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Wearable TENS Garment for Joint Pain Management: IEC 60601 Compliant Design and Preliminary Evaluation.IEEE journal of translational engineering in health and medicine · 2026Article
- Development and Experimental Validation of an Integrated Evaluation Framework for EMS Smartwear Electrodes.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Electro-stimulation to alleviate spasticity, pain and to increase mobility has been used successfully for years. Usually, gelled electrodes are used for this. In a garment intended for repeated use such electrodes must be replaced. The Mollii-suit by the company Inerventions utilises dry conductive rubber electrodes. The electrodes work satisfactory, but the garment is cumbersome to fit on the body. In this paper we show that knitted dry electrodes can be used instead. The knitted electrodes present a lower friction against the skin and a garment is easily fitted to the body. The fabric is stretchable and provides a tight fit to the body ensuring electrical contact. We present three candidate textrodes and show how we choose the one with most favourable features for producing the garment. We validate the performance of the garment by measuring three electrical parameters: rise time (10-90%) of the applied voltage, net injected charge and the low frequency value of the skin-electrode impedance. It is concluded that the use of flat knitting intarsia technique can produce a garment with seamlessly integrated conductive leads and electrodes and that this garment delivers energy to the body as targeted and is beneficial from manufacturing and comfort perspectives.
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