ReviewAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2024
Causes of Low Milk Supply: The Roles of Estrogens, Progesterone, and Related External Factors.
Review in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanistic Pathways Underlying Breastfeeding Challenges Following Cesarean Delivery: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Exclusive breastfeeding among women with polycystic ovary syndrome versus women from a population-based cohort: a cohort study.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Maternal Adiposity, Milk Production and Removal, and Infant Milk Intake During Established Lactation.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Defining Low Milk Supply: A Data-Driven Diagnostic Framework and Risk Factor Analysis for Breastfeeding Women.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Maternal Factors, Breast Anatomy, and Milk Production During Established Lactation-An Ultrasound Investigation.Journal of imaging · 2025Article
- Obesity and Pregnancy: Impact on Childbirth Timing, Delivery Mode, and Maternal Recovery: An Update.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Characteristics and experiences of lactating women with measured low milk production.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Article
- Consecutive Lactation, Infant Birth Weight and Sex Do Not Associate with Milk Production and Infant Milk Intake in Breastfeeding Women.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Transfer of the Oral Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonist Relugolix Into Breast Milk of Healthy Lactating Women.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2025Article
- Maternal and Infant Characteristics and Pumping Profiles of Women That Predominantly Pump Milk for Their Infants.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Milk Composition Is Predictive of Low Milk Supply Using Machine Learning Approaches.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Glycosyltransferases: glycoengineers in human milk oligosaccharide synthesis and manufacturing.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- Using estrogen and progesterone to treat premenstrual dysphoric disorder, postnatal depression and menopausal depression.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Review
- The Potential Health Risks and Benefits of Progesterone in the Transgender Woman Population-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Maternal Breast Growth and Body Mass Index Are Associated with Low Milk Production in Women.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Lactation-promoting ingredients ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Prevalence of Antenatally Identified Lactation Risk Factors and Risk of Not Fully Breastfeeding at 6 to 8 Weeks Postpartum.Journal of midwifery & women's healthArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Low milk supply (LMS) poses a significant challenge to exclusive and continued breastfeeding, affecting ∼10% to 15% of mothers. Milk production is intricately regulated by both endocrine and autocrine control mechanisms, with estrogens and progesterone playing pivotal roles in this process. In addition to endogenously produced hormones, external substances capable of interfering with normal hormonal actions, including phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens, synthetic estrogens, and hormonal contraceptives, can influence milk production. The effects of these extrinsic hormones on milk production may vary based on maternal body mass index. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted causes of LMS, focusing on the involvement of estrogens, progesterone, and related external factors in milk production. Furthermore, it investigates the interplay between hormonal factors and obesity, aiming to elucidate the endocrine mechanisms underlying obesity-associated LMS. Insights from this review provide valuable perspectives for developing interventions to improve milk production and address the challenges associated with LMS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.