ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Neutrophil extracellular traps and long COVID.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Viral Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Vascular inflammation in neuropsychiatric long COVID.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Neutrophils repurpose the nucleolus as a cytokine reservoir and secretory organelle.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Computational proteomics to enhance personalized treatment of COVID-19 and Long COVID.Clinical proteomics · 2026Review
- Clinical relevance of circulating blood microaggregates and reactivation of Epstein Barr Virus in long-term Post-CoVID syndrome patients.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicle-Delivered tRF-His-GTG-1 Reprograms Neutrophil Lipophagy and Triggers Inflammation in COVID-19.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Disruption of neutrophil homeostasis is associated with functional alterations in mitochondria of critically ill COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- NET Biomarkers in COVID-19 and Post-COVID Syndrome: a Comprehensive Analysis.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Article
- Insight to Neglected Biomarkers in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Narrative Review".Biomarker insights · 2026Review
- A brief report: absence of elevated circulating NETosis markers in long-term long COVID.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Early clinical and laboratory markers associated with post-COVID respiratory syndrome: A retrospective analysis.PloS one · 2026Article
- The immunothrombosis pathway linking pulmonary disease to stroke and neurodegeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Lipid nanoparticles target neutrophils to reduce SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury and inflammation.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025Article
- NETosis: A key player in autoimmunity, COVID-19, and long COVID.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Review
- Sequential nanoparticle therapy targeting neutrophil hyperactivation to prevent neutrophil-induced pulmonary fibrosis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Cytoimmunological Profile of Lower Airways in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS): Predictive Value of Bronchoalveolar Lavage.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- A single-cell RNA sequencing dataset of peripheral blood cells in long COVID patients on herbal therapy.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Previous COVID-19 infection significantly reduces elastase levels in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Detection of autoantibodies in severe COVID-19 patients two years after hospital discharge.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas · 2025Article
- Pathological Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: A Review for Clinicians.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Post-acute COVID-19 sequelae, commonly known as long COVID, encompasses a range of systemic symptoms experienced by a significant number of COVID-19 survivors. The underlying pathophysiology of long COVID has become a topic of intense research discussion. While chronic inflammation in long COVID has received considerable attention, the role of neutrophils, which are the most abundant of all immune cells and primary responders to inflammation, has been unfortunately overlooked, perhaps due to their short lifespan. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the persistent inflammatory response observed in long COVID patients. We present early evidence linking the persistence of NETs to pulmonary fibrosis, cardiovascular abnormalities, and neurological dysfunction in long COVID. Several uncertainties require investigation in future studies. These include the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 brings about sustained neutrophil activation phenotypes after infection resolution; whether the heterogeneity of neutrophils seen in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection persists into the chronic phase; whether the presence of autoantibodies in long COVID can induce NETs and protect them from degradation; whether NETs exert differential, organ-specific effects; specifically which NET components contribute to organ-specific pathologies, such as pulmonary fibrosis; and whether senescent cells can drive NET formation through their pro-inflammatory secretome in long COVID. Answering these questions may pave the way for the development of clinically applicable strategies targeting NETs, providing relief for this emerging health crisis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.