ArticleBMC oral health2023
The effect of secondhand smoke exposure on dental caries and gingival health among schoolchildren in Damascus, Syria: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC oral health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Multi-source secondhand smoke exposure and dental caries in children: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Article
- Exploring the association between BMI and dental caries in 6-9-year-old children in Damascus, Syria: a cross-sectional study.BDJ open · 2025Article
- Post-crisis health reality and wellbeing of children within Syria: a scoping review of research from 2012 to 2024.Conflict and health · 2025Review
- Association between environmental stress factors, salivary cortisol level and dental caries in Egyptian preschool children: a case-control study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prevalence and clinical risk factors of dental caries in Syrian children: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association between exposure to environmental pollutants and increased oral health risks, a comprehensive review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
- Household smoking impact on the oral health of 5- to 7-years-old children.BMC oral health · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of secondhand smoke on dental caries and gingival health among schoolchildren in Damascus, Syria. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis was a cross-sectional study. It was carried out at government schools in Damascus, Syria. This study included healthy children aged 10 to 13 years old. Schoolchildren were interviewed to answer the researcher-administered questionnaire to obtain answers regarding demographic information and family smoking behavior. A dental examination was performed by a dentist, and the number of decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) permanent teeth (DMFT) was scored based on the World Health Organization (WHO) 1997. A gingival examination was performed using the modified gingival index (MGI) and Silness-Leo plaque index (PI) to assess gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation, respectively.
resultsA total of 284 schoolchildren participated. More than half (61.26%) of them were exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS), and about half of them (52.11%) resided in a house with at least one cigarette smoked in a day. About one-third of the passive smokers (33.30%) had poor plaque control, with a statistically significant difference from non-passive smokers (p < 0.05). The multivariate regression model showed that the number of smokers at home was significantly associated with the DMFT score, dental plaque accumulation, and gingival inflammation (p < 0.1). However, the number of cigarettes smoked at home in a day was not a predictor for dental caries and gingival status (p = 1.000).
conclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, the number of smokers at home appears to have more adverse effects on children's oral health compared to the quantity of smoke inhaled. In addition, SHSe was associated with more dental plaque accumulation among schoolchildren.
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