ArticleBMC medical research methodology2023
Causal inference and observational data.
Article in BMC medical research methodology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Applications of causal and structural equation modeling in epidemiology: a systematic and critical review.BMC medical research methodology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Causal inference in the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer: current state and future directions.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Associations among physical activity, diet, non-lifestyle characteristics and the gut microbiome of cancer patients: A scoping review and network analysis.Oncoscience · 2026Review
- The gut-lung axis in COPD: immunomodulatory roles of gut microbiota and novel therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Impact of Near-Positivity Violations on IPTW-Estimated Marginal Structural Survival Models With Time-Dependent Confounding.Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular disease as a mediator in the relationship between lifestyle risk factors and cognitive outcomes: a scoping review.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Causal Inference Framework Reveals Mediterranean Diet Superiority and Inflammatory Mediation Pathways in Mortality Prevention: A Comparative Analysis of Nine Common Dietary Patterns.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Critical review of patient outcome study in head and neck cancer radiotherapy.Meta-radiology · 2025Article
- Longitudinal patterns of antidepressant and benzodiazepine use associated with injurious falls in older adults with depression: a retrospective cohort study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Accurate treatment effect estimation using inverse probability of treatment weighting with deep learning.JAMIA open · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Observational studies using causal inference frameworks can provide a feasible alternative to randomized controlled trials. Advances in statistics, machine learning, and access to big data facilitate unraveling complex causal relationships from observational data across healthcare, social sciences, and other fields. However, challenges like evaluating models and bias amplification remain.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.