ReviewNature reviews. Cardiology2024
Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease: a causal perspective.
Review in Nature reviews. Cardiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hypertension Education, Provider, and Cardio-Cerebrovascular Symptom Awareness: 2024 Korea Community Health Survey.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Trends and widening inequities in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic involvement in cardiovascular mortality: A national spatiotemporal analysis, 2014-2023.Clinical medicine (London, England) · 2026Article
- Sex differences in cardiovascular disease and associated factors in people living with HIV: Evidence from All of Us program.HIV medicine · 2026Article
- Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Risk Factors by Educational Attainment in a Mediterranean Setting: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Population-Based Sample.Global heart · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Prevention: Current Gaps and Future Directions.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Association Between Parental Social Position and Childhood Overweight: Mediation by Lifestyle and BMI Patterns During Pregnancy.Pediatric obesity · 2025Article
- Article
- Life course socioeconomic position and the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in a Norwegian twin study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Identifying pathways to cardiovascular mortality by causal graphical models and mediation analysis among hypertensive patients: insights from a prospective study.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Proteomics sheds light on unequal aging.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Machine learning integration of multimodal data identifies key features of circulating NT-proBNP in people without cardiovascular diseases.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Toward an integrated model of dietary behavior: Social determinants and adherence to the mediterranean diet.PloS one · 2025Article
- Causal Relationship Between Socioeconomic Inequality and Hormone-Related Gynecologic Diseases: A Two-Sample, Two-Step Mendelian Randomization Study.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- Longitudinal associations between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease in a Chinese population: Evidence from CHARLS.PloS one · 2025Article
- Twelve-year (2008-2019) trends in socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors in a Swiss representative survey of the general population.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Social inequalities in pregnancy metabolic profile: findings from the multi-ethnic Born in Bradford cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) persist in high-income countries despite marked overall declines in CVD-related morbidity and mortality. After decades of research, the field has struggled to unequivocally answer a crucial question: is the association between low socioeconomic position (SEP) and the development of CVD causal? We review relevant evidence from various study designs and disciplinary perspectives. Traditional observational, family-based and Mendelian randomization studies support the widely accepted view that low SEP causally influences CVD. However, results from quasi-experimental and experimental studies are both limited and equivocal. While more experimental and quasi-experimental studies are needed to aid causal understanding and inform policy, high-quality descriptive studies are also required to document inequalities, investigate their contextual dependence and consider SEP throughout the lifespan; no simple hierarchy of evidence exists for an exposure as complex as SEP. The COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the context-dependent nature of CVD inequalities, with the generation of potentially new causal pathways linking SEP and CVD. The linked goals of understanding the causal nature of SEP and CVD associations, their contextual dependence, and their remediation by policy interventions necessitate a detailed understanding of society, its change over time and the phenotypes of CVD. Interdisciplinary research is therefore key to advancing both causal understanding and policy translation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.