ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2023
Why do transgender individuals experience discrimination in healthcare and thereby limited access to healthcare? An interview study exploring the perspective of German transgender individuals.
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Group Therapies for Gender Minority Stress: Systematic Review and Affirmative Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy Process PresentationTurk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Self-reported hepatitis B diagnoses and vaccination history in trans and non-binary communities in Germany, the TASG-study* 2022.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Healthcare provision for transgender people in Germany from a gynecological perspective-a pilot study.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2026Article
- Denial of access to sexual and reproductive health services in Europe: an analysis of cases from the European court of human rights (1976-2023).Reproductive health · 2026Article
- Migration, healthcare access, and the role of government schemes: Insights from South Indian trans women.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Discrimination experiences of transgender individuals in healthcare: an interview study on the perspective of health professionals specializing in the treatment of transgender individuals.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Discrimination based on gender identity and decision-making regarding HIV/STI-protected sex, a cross-sectional study among trans and non-binary people in Germany.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Transgender preventative health-chest/breast cancer screening.Frontiers in health services · 2024Article
- Evaluating the impact of distance learning on gender-affirming healthcare competence: knowledge acquisition and satisfaction among healthcare professionals in Italy.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- A qualitative description of HIV testing and healthcare experiences among trans women in Ghanaian urban slums BSGH-012.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTransgender individuals experience limited access to healthcare. This results not least from experiences of discrimination to which they are exposed in the health system. These contribute to transgender individuals having poorer health than cis individuals, i.e. individuals whose sex assigned at birth is in line with their gender identity. It is an ethical duty to take effective measures to minimize inequalities in medical care. At best, such measures should also be assessed as appropriate from the perspective of those affected in order to be accepted and thus effective. It is therefore important to know whether measures touch on the subjectively assumed reasons for experiences of discrimination. Hence, to be able to take appropriate measures, it is important to identify the reasons that transgender individuals see as causal for their experiences of discrimination in healthcare.
methodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 German transgender individuals and asked them about their own experiences of discrimination in healthcare and their assumptions on the reasons for discrimination. We analyzed the responses using the method of structured qualitative content analysis.
results13 transgender individuals reported experiences of discrimination in healthcare. These emanated from different professional groups and took place in trans-specific as well as general medical settings. We were able to identify a total of 12 reasons that transgender individuals see as causal for their experiences of discrimination: (1) internalized trans-hostility and "protection" of cis individuals, (2) lack of knowledge/uncertainties regarding transition, (3) "protection" of a binary worldview, (4) binary worldview in medicine, (5) structural deficits, (6) asymmetric interactions with specialists, (7) current political debate, (8) view of transgender individuals as a "burden for society", (9) objectification, (10) homophobia, (11) misogyny/androcentrism and (12) discrimination as reaction to discrimination.
conclusionsGerman transgender individuals have a very differentiated picture regarding their subjective reasons for experiencing discrimination in healthcare. Overall, disrespect regarding gender identity and a confrontation with foreignness seems to be seen as the decisive factor. Thus, it is not enough to focus only on measures that aim to remedy the information deficit on the part of medical providers. Measures must be taken that can create a granting and respectful attitude towards transgender individuals.
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