Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37815451›Full record

Observational studyRadiology2023

Repeatability of MRI Biomarkers in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The NIMBLE Consortium.

Kathryn J Fowler, Sudhakar K Venkatesh, Nancy Obuchowski, Michael S Middleton, Jun Chen, Kay Pepin, Jessica Magnuson, Kathy J Brown, Danielle Batakis, Walter C Henderson and 10 more

Open access · greenAbstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph

Observational study in Radiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed
8.2field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.

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  8. Imaging Evaluation for Steatotic Liver Disease.Korean journal of radiology · 2026
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Kathryn J Fowler *From the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0000-0001-9188-1701
Sudhakar K Venkatesh *From the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0000-0002-7514-1030
Nancy ObuchowskiFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).
Michael S MiddletonFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).
Jun ChenFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0000-0003-0563-542X
Kay PepinFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).
Jessica MagnusonFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0009-0004-9953-1684
Kathy J BrownFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).
Danielle BatakisFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).
Walter C HendersonFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0000-0001-8225-4722
Sudha S ShankarFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).
Tania N KamphausFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).
Alex PasekFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0009-0006-1186-6303
Roberto A CalleFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0000-0001-6577-5657
Arun J SanyalFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0000-0001-8682-5748
Rohit LoombaFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).
Richard EhmanFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0000-0001-7041-5074
Anthony E SamirFrom the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0000-0002-7801-8724
Claude B Sirlin *From the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0000-0002-6639-9072
Sarah P Sherlock *From the Liver Imaging Group (K.J.F., M.S.M., D.B., W.C.H., C.B.S.) and Department of Hepatology (R.L.), University of California-San Diego, 6206 Lakewood St, San Diego, CA 92122; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (S.K.V., J.C., K.P., J.M., K.J.B., R.E.); Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (N.O.); Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Sacramento, Calif (S.S.S.); Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Md (T.N.K., A.P.); Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY (R.A.C.); Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va (A.J.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (A.E.S.); and Department of Imaging Alliances, Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY (S.P.S.).ORCID 0000-0001-5351-3828
Cleveland Clinic · US

Funding

UC San Diego Clinical and Translational Research InstituteUL1TR001442 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI FIRESTEIN, GARY S, HOGARTH, MICHAEL · 2015 to 2024
$88.3M
Magnetic Resonance ElastographyR37EB001981 · NIBIB · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI EHMAN, RICHARD L. · 2016 to 2025
$4.0M
Magnetic Resonance ElastographyR01EB001981 · NIBIB · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI EHMAN, RICHARD L. · 2003 to 2013
$3.1M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001442NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB001981NIBIB NIH HHS R37 EB001981
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background There is a need for reliable noninvasive methods for diagnosing and monitoring nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thus, the multidisciplinary Non-invasive Biomarkers of Metabolic Liver disease (NIMBLE) consortium was formed to identify and advance the regulatory qualification of NAFLD imaging biomarkers. Purpose To determine the different-day same-scanner repeatability coefficient of liver MRI biomarkers in patients with NAFLD at risk for steatohepatitis. Materials and Methods NIMBLE 1.2 is a prospective, observational, single-center short-term cross-sectional study (October 2021 to June 2022) in adults with NAFLD across a spectrum of low, intermediate, and high likelihood of advanced fibrosis as determined according to the fibrosis based on four factors (FIB-4) index. Participants underwent up to seven MRI examinations across two visits less than or equal to 7 days apart. Standardized imaging protocols were implemented with six MRI scanners from three vendors at both 1.5 T and 3 T, with central analysis of the data performed by an independent reading center (University of California, San Diego). Trained analysts, who were blinded to clinical data, measured the MRI proton density fat fraction (PDFF), liver stiffness at MR elastography (MRE), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) for each participant. Point estimates and CIs were calculated using χ

Indexed as

Elasticity Imaging TechniquesNon-alcoholic Fatty Liver DiseaseAdultBiomarkersCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleFibrosisHumansLiverMagnetic Resonance ImagingMiddle AgedProspective StudiesBiomarkers

Identifiers

PMID37815451
PMCPMC10625902
OpenAlexW4387472382

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.