ReviewCancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)2023
Extracranial metastasis of brain glioblastoma outside CNS: Pathogenesis revisited.
Review in Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- The glymphatic system and glioblastoma.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Extracranial Metastases in Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype: A Case Series.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Molecular and Immune Mechanisms Governing Cancer Metastasis, Including Dormancy, Microenvironmental Niches, and Tumor-Specific Programs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The role of ASIC2 in glioma progression: implications for prognosis and therapeutic targeting.PeerJ · 2026Article
- Translational role of molecular biomarkers in developing targeted therapies for central nervous system tumors.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- Extraneural and extracranial metastatic astrocytoma with primitive neuroectodermal component: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Article
- Rapidly progressive scalp and lung metastases with fatal pneumothorax in glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype, with MET and CDK6 amplifications: a case report of clinical course and postmortem autopsy, including genetic analysis.Brain tumor pathology · 2025Article
- Spinal cord metastasis in a long-term survivor of primary malignant glioblastoma: A case report.Oncology letters · 2025Article
- Metabolic reprogramming in glioblastoma: a rare case of recurrence to scalp metastasis.BJC reports · 2025Article
- Isoform-specific vs. pan-histone deacetylase inhibition as approaches for countering glioblastoma: anFrontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Impact of dcEF on microRNA profiles in glioblastoma and exosomes using a novel microfluidic bioreactor.Biomicrofluidics · 2024Article
- Metabolic reprogramming of poly(morpho)nuclear giant cells determines glioblastoma recovery from doxorubicin-induced stress.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- Metastatic glioblastoma to the lungs: a case report and literature review.CNS oncology · 2024Review
- Extracranial metastasis of brain glioblastoma outside CNS: Pathogenesis revisited.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2023Review
- Rare Cases of Extracranial Metastases from High-grade Glioma Detected on FET PET-CT with Histopathological Confirmation.Indian journal of nuclear medicine : IJNM : the official journal of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, IndiaArticle
- Pulmonary Metastasis From Glioblastoma: An Uncommon Clinical Entity.Open respiratory archivesArticle
- Glioblastoma beyond the Brain: A Case Series Demonstrating Systemic Metastatic Potential.Case reports in oncologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe most prevalent malignant tumor of the CNS in adults is glioblastoma. Despite undergoing surgery and chemoradiotherapy, the prognosis remains unfavorable, with a median survival period ranging between 15 and 20 months. The incidence of glioblastoma metastasis outside CNS is uncommon with only 0.4%-2% reported rate, compared to other tumors that exhibit a 10% incidence rate of metastasis to the brain. On average, it takes about 11 months from the time of initial diagnosis for the tumor to spread beyond CNS. Consequently, the prognosis for metastatic glioblastoma is grim, with a 6-month survival rate following diagnosis.
findingsThe rarity of extracranial metastasis is attributed to the blood-brain barrier and lack of a lymphatic drainage system, although rare cases of hematogenous spread and direct implantation have been reported. The possible mechanisms remain unclear and require further investigation. Risk factors have been widely described, including previous craniotomy or biopsies, ventricular shunting, young age, radiation therapy, prolonged survival time, and tumor recurrence. Due to the lack of understanding about extracranial metastasis of glioblastoma pathogenesis, no effective treatment exists to date. Aggressive chemotherapies are not recommended for metastatic glioblastoma as their side effects may worsen the patient prognosis.
conclusionThe optimal treatment for extracranial metastasis of glioblastoma requires further investigation with a wide inclusion of patients. This review discusses the possible causes, factors, and underlying mechanisms of glioblastoma metastasis to different organs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.