ArticleBiology of reproduction2024
The effects of short-term and long-term phthalate exposures on ovarian follicle growth dynamics and hormone levels in female mice†.
Article in Biology of reproduction, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Can Mammalian Reproductive Health Withstand Massive Exposure to Polystyrene Micro- and Nanoplastic Derivatives? A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Acute exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) impacts pituitary hormones and inflammatory markers, suggesting altered reproductive aging in adult female mice.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Phthalate-Induced Accelerated Ovarian Aging in Experimental Models.Current environmental health reports · 2026Review
- The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in ovarian development, function, xenobiotic metabolism, and disease†.Biology of reproduction · 2026Review
- Bayesian benchmark dose modeling analysis and derivation of points of departure for female reproductive toxicity following exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) - effects on reproductive hormones, folliculogenesis and estrous cyclicity.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Article
- Prenatal exposure to an environmentally relevant phthalate mixture alters oxidative stress, apoptosis, cell cycle regulators, and steroidogenic factors in the ovaries of F1 mice.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Phthalates are detected in the follicular fluid of adolescents and oocyte donors with associated changes in the cumulus cell transcriptome.F&S science · 2025Article
- Dietary exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate for 6 months alters markers of female reproductive aging in mice†.Biology of reproduction · 2025Article
- Behenic acid protects the testosterone cycle and prevents the sperm apoptosis and protein loss in phthalate exposure by inhibiting oxidative stress and stimulating ATPase activity.Toxicology reports · 2024Article
- Phthalates are detected in the follicular fluid of adolescents and oocyte donors with associated changes in the cumulus cell transcriptome.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Elucidating the mechanisms and mitigation strategies for six-phthalate-induced toxicity in male germ cells.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisononyl phthalate are widely used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride products. Short-term exposures to phthalates affect hormone levels, ovarian follicle populations, and ovarian gene expression. However, limited data exist regarding the effects of long-term exposure to phthalates on reproductive functions. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that short-term and long-term exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate or diisononyl phthalate disrupts follicle dynamics, ovarian and pituitary gene expression, and hormone levels in female mice. Adult CD-1 female mice were exposed to vehicle, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, or diisononyl phthalate (0.15 ppm, 1.5 ppm, or 1500 ppm) via the chow for 1 or 6 months. Short-term exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (0.15 ppm) and diisononyl phthalate (1.5 ppm) decreased serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels compared to control. Long-term exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisononyl phthalate (1500 ppm) increased the percentage of primordial follicles and decreased the percentages of preantral and antral follicles compared to control. Both phthalates increased follicle-stimulating hormone levels (di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at 1500 ppm; diisononyl phthalate at 1.5 ppm) and decreased luteinizing hormone levels (di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at 0.15 and 1.5 ppm; diisononyl phthalate at 1.5 ppm and 1500 ppm) compared to control. Furthermore, both phthalates altered the expression of pituitary gonadotropin subunit genes (Cga, Fshb, and Lhb) and a transcription factor (Nr5a1) that regulates gonadotropin synthesis. These data indicate that long-term exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisononyl phthalate alters follicle growth dynamics in the ovary and the expression of gonadotropin subunit genes in the pituitary and consequently luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis.
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