ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
T helper cell responses in adult diarrheal patients following natural infection with enterotoxigenic
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Th1 and Th17 Responses to LTB and Colonization Factors Following Oral ETEC Vaccination.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Review
- Assessing links between dental fluorosis and oral/systemic health via salivary microbiome in Chinese young adults.International dental journal · 2026Article
- One Health Perspective on the EnterotoxigenicMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Systemic and mucosal immunity to enterotoxigenicFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Intestinal inflammation induced by heat-labile toxin-producing enterotoxigenic E: Coli infection and impact on immune responses in an experimental human challenge model.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- EnteroaggregativeFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- A RecombinantInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Age-dependent pathogenic profiles of enterotoxigenicFrontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Impact of the gut microbiota-Th17 cell axis on inflammatory depression.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Infection with enterotoxigenic Methods: Th cell subsets were analyzed in adult Bangladeshi patients hospitalized due to ETEC diarrhea by flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from blood collected day 2, 7, 30 and 90 after hospitalization as well as in healthy controls. The LT- and CF-specific Th responses were determined by analysis of IL-17A and IFN-γ in antigen stimulated PBMC cultures using ELISA. ETEC-specific IgA secreted by circulating antibody secreting cells (plasmablasts) were analyzed by using the antibodies in lymphocyte supernatants (ALS) ELISA-based method and plasma IgA was also measured by ELISA. Results: ETEC patients mounted significant ALS and plasma IgA responses against LTB and CFs on day 7 after hospitalization. ETEC patients had significantly elevated proportions of memory Th cells with a Th17 phenotype (CCR6+CXCR3-) in blood compared to controls, while frequencies of Th1 (CCR6-CXCR3+) or Th2 (CCR6-CXCR3-) cells were not increased. Antigen stimulation of PBMCs revealed IL-17A responses to LT, most clearly observed after stimulation with double mutant heat labile toxin (dmLT), but also with LT B subunit (LTB), and to CS6 in samples from patients with LT+ or CS6+ ETEC bacteria. Some individuals also mounted IFN-γ responses to dmLT and LTB. Levels of LTB specific IgA antibodies in ALS, but not plasma samples correlated with both IL-17A (r=0.5, p=0.02) and IFN-γ (r=0.6, p=0.01) responses to dmLT. Conclusions: Our results show that ETEC diarrhea induces T cell responses, which are predominantly of the Th17 type. The correlations between IL-17A and IFN-g and intestine-derived plasmablast responses support that Th responses may contribute to the development of protective IgA responses against ETEC infection. These observations provide important insights into T cell responses that need to be considered in the evaluation of advanced ETEC vaccine candidates.
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