ArticleJournal of vision2023
Boosting 2-photon vision with adaptive optics.
Article in Journal of vision, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Optical isoplanatic patch size across the visual field as a function of wavelength, pupil size, and accommodation in emmetropic and myopic eyes.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
- [Emerging technology for retinal function testing: two-photon microperimetry].Die Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Stiles-Crawford effect in infrared two-photon vision.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
- Color vision with a two-photon infrared RGB display.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Seeing nonspectral colors with single wavelength stimulation in two-photon vision.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- Method for the determination of the luminance of two-photon vision stimuli.Biomedical optics express · 2024Article
- In vivo identification of the retinal layer containing photopigments in OCT images through correlation with two-photon psychophysics.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The 2-photon effect in vision occurs when two photons of the same wavelength are absorbed by cone photopigment in the retina and create a visual sensation matching the appearance of light close to half their wavelength. This effect is especially salient for infrared light, where humans are mostly insensitive to 1-photon isomerizations and thus any perception is dominated by 2-photon isomerizations. This phenomenon can be made more readily visible using short-pulsed lasers, which increase the likelihood of 2-photon excitation by making photon arrivals at the retina more concentrated in time. Adaptive optics provides another avenue for enhancing the 2-photon effect by focusing light more tightly at the retina, thereby increasing the spatial concentration of incident photons. This article makes three contributions. First, we demonstrate through color-matching experiments that an adaptive optics correction can provide a 25-fold increase in the luminance of the 2-photon effect-a boost equivalent to reducing pulse width by 96%. Second, we provide image-based evidence that the 2-photon effect occurs at the photoreceptor level. Third, we use our results to compute the specifications for a system that could utilize 2-photon vision and adaptive optics to image and stimulate the retina using a single infrared wavelength and reach luminance levels comparable to conventional displays.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.