ArticleInternational journal of sports physical therapy2023
Higher Levels of Income and Education are Associated with More Specialized Sport Participation Behaviors: Results from a Representative Sample of Youth Sport Parents from the United States.
Article in International journal of sports physical therapy, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Jiwa-style parenting and the familial turn of youth sport consumption: a qualitative case study of a commercial training setting in urban China.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Growing Up Active: How Sport/Active Leisure Shapes Minds and Success Using a Prospective and Person-Centered Approach to the Middle Childhood Life Course.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- The Parental Blueprint: Early Childhood Lifestyle Habits and Family Factors Predict Opting for Middle Childhood Sport Involvement.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- "Sport is NOT a luxury." The perceived impact of the cost-of-living crisis on sport and physical activity opportunities for children and adolescents in Northern Ireland (NI): A cross-sectional survey.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The effect of cultural capital on the physical fitness level of a Chinese older adult population: chain mediation of household income and stockpiling of physical fitness goods.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Background: While previous studies have examined the impact of family socioeconomic characteristics on a child's sport specialization behaviors, this research has been limited to affluent communities with limited sociodemographic diversity. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine associations of parent income and education with child sport specialization behaviors among a nationally representative sample of youth sport parents in the United States. Study Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Parents of youth athletes in the United States (n=236, age: 39.2±8.1 years, 57.2% female) were recruited to complete an online questionnaire by Qualtrics Online Samples (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) using a combination of actively managed, double-opt-in market research panels. The questionnaire used for this study consisted of: 1) parent demographics (including parent age, race/ethnicity, biological sex, gender identity, household income, and educational status), and 2) child sport participation characteristics and sport specialization behaviors. Results: Parents who reported an annual household income of $75,001 or more were more likely than parents making less than $75,000 to report that their child participated on an organized club team (OR [95%CI]: 1.94 [1.15-3.27]), participated on multiple organized teams at the same time (OR [95%CI]: 1.85 [1.10-3.11]), or specialized in a single sport (OR [95%CI]: 2.45 [1.45-4.14]). Parents who reported receiving a Bachelor's degree or higher were more likely than parents who did not to report that their child participated on an organized club team (OR [95%CI]: 3.04 [1.78-5.18]), participated on multiple organized teams at the same time (OR [95%CI]: 2.42 [1.43-4.10]), or specialized in a single sport (OR [95%CI]: 1.94 [1.15-3.26]). Conclusions: Thes results suggest that in the modern youth sport culture, family resources may serve as a major determining factor in the type of experiences available for a youth athlete. Level of Evidence: III.
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