ArticleInternational journal of women's health2023
Predisposing Factors for Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis: A Case-Control Study.
Article in International journal of women's health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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20 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- An endocrine microbe immunity framework for granulomatous mastitis toward phenotype-oriented interpretation.iScience · 2026Review
- Article
- Distinguishing granulomatous lobular mastitis from breast cancer using a clinical-radiomics nomogram to improve diagnostic accuracy.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Cystic Neutrophilic Granulomatous Mastitis in Accessory Breast Tissue: A Case Report.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Granulomatous mastitis: from localized inflammation to systemic immune-mediated disorder.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Treatment Outcomes of Lobular Granulomatous Mastitis: Impact of Hyperprolactinemia, Diabetes, and Erythema Nodosum-Insights From a 7-Year Cohort Study.The breast journal · 2026Article
- Development of a comprehensive dietary dataset for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) patients and matched controls: protocol, implementation, and future directions for nutrition-based research.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Bilateral granulomatous mastitis associated with ductoscopy.Gland surgery · 2025Article
- Mediation effect of peripheral blood inflammatory factors in the association between severity of nonlactating mastitis and glycemic abnormalities.Journal of medical biochemistry · 2025Article
- Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Independent Risk Factors for Pathologic Nipple Discharge of 375 Cases.The breast journal · 2025Article
- Corticosteroid Phobia: A Key Barrier to Treatment in Young Women with Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis reveals cell landscape and gene signatures associated with granulomatous lobular mastitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Clinical Characteristics of Non-Lactational Mastitis of Accessory Breast: A Case-Series Study.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics of patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis associated with Corynebacterium parakroppenstedtii infection and drug sensitivity analysis of the isolated strains.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2024Article
- High cure rate and satisfaction in patients with periductal mastitis via the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap technique: a retrospective study.Gland surgery · 2024Article
- Granulomatous mastitis following stereotactic core-needle biopsy: A case report.Journal of clinical imaging science · 2024Article
- Long-Term Outcomes of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study on Recurrence and New Occurrence Rates with Analysis of Risk Factors.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Immune Markers and Inflammatory Cytokines in Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis: A Case-Control Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Despite the rising incidence rate of granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM), uncertainties persist about its etiologic and predisposing factors to guide clinical treatment and early prevention. The objective of this study is to explore the predisposing factors for GLM. Patients and methods: This case-control study was conducted from 2018 to 2021 at Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University. Patients with GLM (cases) were matched with healthy examinees (controls) in a 1:1 ratio according to gender and living area. We analyzed their demographic features and investigated 75 factors that may be relevant to GLM using a standard questionnaire. Univariate and multivariable binary conditional logistic regression analyses were used to compare the differences between the two groups and evaluate the predisposing factors that may induce GLM. Results: There were 594 female GLM patients and 594 matched controls included in the study. The average age of the cases was 32.78 years (mainly 20 to 40). The incidence was high within five years after childbirth, and lesions were mainly in the unilateral breast. Univariate and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses obtained six relevant factors and six high-risk factors. The six relevant factors included age, marriage, emotional abnormality, high prolactin, psychiatric drug intake, and sex hormone intake. Additionally, the independent high-risk factors for GLM included gestation, nipple invagination, blunt trauma, non-iatrogenic massage, lactation disorder, and nipple discharge (odds ratio (OR)=17.378, 8.518, 4.887, 3.116, 2.522, 1.685, Conclusion: The factors that increase milk and secretion production in the mammary duct are the main risk factors of GLM, especially when the nipples are invaginated. These factors can obstruct the duct and induce inflammation. Additionally, hormonal disorders, extrinsic trauma, and emotional abnormalities can accelerate the occurrence of GLM.
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