Observational studyBMJ open2023
Associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with the development of open angle glaucoma: a retrospective cohort study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study
African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (Formerly African Americans With Glaucoma Study)
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study in all of Us for primary open-angle glaucoma.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comparison of Optic Nerve Head Parameters in Alcoholic Liver Disease Patients With Age-Matched Controls.Cureus · 2026Article
- Smoking and Risk of Vision Threatening Complications: A Global Database Analysis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Chronic alcohol consumption on retinal microcirculation in healthy subjects: an optic coherence tomography angiography study.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Association Between Alcohol Use Disorder and Glaucoma: Evidence from the National Institutes of Health All of Us Research Program.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Multi-Ancestry Genome-Wide Association Study in All of Us for Primary Open- Angle Glaucoma.Research square · 2025Article
- Candidate SNP Markers Significantly Altering the Affinity of the TATA-Binding Protein for the Promoters of Human Genes Associated with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The impact of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in patients with chronic glaucoma - a literature review.Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologieReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo investigate the associations of alcohol consumption and smoking with the development of perimetric glaucoma in patients with suspected glaucoma.
designA retrospective cohort study of patients suspected to have glaucoma enrolled in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) and the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES).
settingThree tertiary glaucoma centres in the USA.
participants825 eyes of 610 patients with glaucoma suspect eyes with normal visual fields (VF) at baseline were followed over an average of 9 years from the DIGS and ADAGES studies. OUTCOME MEASURES: Development of glaucoma was defined as occurrence of three consecutive abnormal VF tests during follow-up. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were used to investigate lifestyle-related factors associated with development of VF loss over time.
resultsVF tests were abnormal three times in a row in 235 (28.5%) eyes. Alcohol consumption was associated with a higher risk of developing glaucoma (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.38, p=0.037). In men, the risk of developing glaucoma in alcohol drinkers (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.00 to 3.68, p=0.048) was greater than non-alcohol drinkers. In individuals of African descent, the risk of developing glaucoma in alcohol drinkers (HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.15, p=0.043) was greater than non-alcohol drinkers. Age was a modifier of the relationship between smoking and glaucomatous VF defects (p=0.048). The risk of developing glaucoma in smokers (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.72, p=0.019) was greater than never smokers after adjustment for confounding factors in older patients (age >61 years).
conclusionAlcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of developing glaucoma, particularly in men and individuals of African descent. The risk of developing glaucoma among smokers suspected of having glaucoma was influenced by age, with older individuals having a higher risk than younger people. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00221897 and NCT00221923.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.