ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2024
The interaction between polygenic risk and environmental influences: A direct test of the 3P model of insomnia in adolescents.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of environmental-genetic factors and mental health outcomes for sleep disturbance from late childhood to early adolescence.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- The associations of insomnia symptoms and clinical features as well as blood metabolic parameters in adolescents with major depressive disorders.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- From Mechanistic Evidence to Clinical Translation: A Narrative Review of Chinese Herbal Medicine for Insomnia.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- The protective role of resilience-related strength in the association between sleep reactivity and insomnia symptoms among young Chinese male university students: a moderated network approach.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- State-specific thalamic dysregulation in chronic insomnia revealed by dynamic edge-centric functional connectivity.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStress is a universal phenomenon and one of the most common precipitants of insomnia. However, not everyone develops insomnia after experiencing a stressful life event. This study aims to test aspects of Spielman's '3P model of insomnia' (during adolescence) by exploring the extent to which: (a) insomnia symptoms are predicted by polygenic scores (PGS); (b) life events predict insomnia symptoms; (c) the interaction between PGS and life events contribute to the prediction of insomnia symptoms; (d) gene-environment interaction effects remain after controlling for sex.
methodsThe sample comprised 4,629 twins aged 16 from the Twin Early Development Study who reported on their insomnia symptoms and life events. PGS for insomnia were calculated. In order to test the main hypothesis of this study (a significant interaction between PGS and negative life events), we fitted a series of mixed effect regressions.
resultsThe best fit was provided by the model including sex, PGS for insomnia, negative life events, and their interactions (AIC = 26,158.7). Our results show that the association between insomnia symptoms and negative life events is stronger for those with a higher genetic risk for insomnia.
conclusionsThis work sheds light on the complex relationship between genetic and environmental factors implicated for insomnia. This study has tested for the first time the interaction between genetic predisposition (PGS) for insomnia and environmental stressors (negative life events) in adolescents. This work represents a direct test of components of Spielman's 3P model for insomnia which is supported by our results.
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