Healthcare Professionals and Undergraduate Students' Knowledge Toward Drug-Food Interactions in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: Drug and Food Interactions (DFI) arise when particular nutrients in food interact with drugs when consumed concurrently, consequently resulting in alterations in the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic effectiveness of the drug. This study aimed to evaluate the information and understanding of healthcare providers (HCPs) about common DFI. Methods: A cross-sectional study was achieved by a self-administered online-based questionnaire to gather data from HCPs in eastern region of Saudi Arabia between Sep. to Oct. 2022. The questionnaire integrated questions related to HCP demographic features and knowledge of DFI. The DFI section included questions that assessed the general knowledge of DFI and knowledge of specific food and drug interactions. Results: A total of 401 participants completed the study questionnaire; 41.4% were undergraduate students, 37.2% were pharmacists, 10.5% were nurses, and 9.5% were doctors. Unfortunately, HCPs are unable to recognize several food types that may interact with medications, which may lead to undesirable consequences associated with an enormous financial burden. For instance, only 27.9% of the HCPs stated that patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors should avoid cheese. In addition, only approximately 11% of HCPs knew that patients on levothyroxine should avoid cauliflower, those taking digoxin should avoid wheat bran, those taking lithium should avoid cola, and those on heparin should avoid calcium-rich food. Overall knowledge was significantly higher among pharmacists and others HCPs with more than 5 years of experience. Discussion and Conclusion: This study demonstrated a low level of knowledge regarding specific food and drug interactions among healthcare providers in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia.