ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2023
Population frailty trends by education and income levels over a period of 30 years: findings from Swedish registry data.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Projected trends in frailty prevalence and associated health service use and costs in the over-50s in England, 2025 to 2040: a simulation modelling study.Age and ageing · 2026Article
- Evaluating the association of physical frailty with cognitive impairment: a clinical perspective in older adults of Bangladesh.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Association Between the Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota and Frailty: Mediating Role of Body Mass Index.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- The distribution of the frailty index among different arthritis patients and the association between the frailty index and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis patients among U.S. adults (results from NHANES 1999-2018).Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Observational
- Frailty and associated factors among older patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease: a multicenter cross-sectional study in three hospitals in Yaounde, Cameroon.The Pan African medical journal · 2025Article
- Development and Validation of a Risk Prediction Model for Frailty in Patients with Chronic Diseases.Gerontology & geriatric medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFrailty is an age-related health condition affecting an estimated 18% of older adults in Europe and past evidence has shown a relationship between socioeconomic factors and frailty. We examined population frailty trends and the association between frailty and 5-year mortality by education tertiles and income quartiles at ages 75, 85 and 95 in Swedish registry data.
methodsAll Swedish residents born in 1895-1945 and in the Total Population Register from 1990 to 2020 were included. Frailty was assessed with the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS), which sums 109 weighted International Classification of Diseases (ICD codes), collected from the National Patient Register.
resultsRegardless of education and income, frailty increased over time, though the association between frailty and 5-year mortality remained stable. Particularly in earlier birth cohorts, although the highest education and income levels had the highest mean HFRS scores, the lowest education and income levels accounted for greater proportions among the frail. These trends varied slightly by sex and age. Men and women had similar levels of frailty, but frailty was more strongly associated with mortality among men.
conclusionOver time, education and income levels were more equally represented among the frail population in more recent years. More equitable distribution over time may suggest improvement in health disparities, though more work is needed. The overall increase in frailty and unchanged association with mortality indicates that additional research is needed to better understand how to best support the growing ageing population. This would then support the long-term viability of the healthcare system.
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