ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2023
The Effects of Midlife Acute and Chronic Stressors on Black-White Differences in Cognitive Decline.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exploring Social Determinants of Cognitive Functioning: History of Criminal Legal System Involvement and Processing Speed among Older Black Americans.Sociological focus · 2026Article
- Independent and joint associations of key social exposome components with cognitive aging: triangulating evidence through cross-national data.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Environment and Late-Life Cognition: Exploring the Mediating Effect of Sleep and Differential Pathways by Race.AJPM focus · 2026Article
- Sustained Purpose in Life is Associated With Slower Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis With a Diverse National Sample.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- The Independent and Interactive Effects of Economic Stability and Healthcare Access on 10-Year Cognitive Trajectories of Black/African American and White Older Adults from the ACTIVE Study.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Metabolic dysfunctions predict the development of Alzheimer's disease: Statistical and machine learning analysis of EMR data.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- A Preliminary Analysis of Stress Burden and Cognitive Function and Clinically Adjudicated Cognitive Outcomes in Black American Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesMidlife stressors may be particularly consequential for cognitive performance and disparities in cognitive decline. This study examined Black-White differences in trajectories of cognition among middle-aged adults and the effects of acute and chronic stressors on these trajectories.
methodsData come from 4,011 cognitively healthy individuals aged 51-64 (620 Black and 3,391 White) who participated in the 2006-2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Stressors included a count of recent life events and measures of financial strain and everyday discrimination. Global cognition was assessed using a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Linear mixed models with random slopes and intercepts assessed change in cognition over time. Race-by-time, race-by-stressor, time-by-stressor, and race-by-stressor-by-time interactions were assessed as were quadratic terms for time and each stressor.
resultsAfter adjusting for sociodemographic, health behaviors, and health-related factors, Black respondents had lower initial cognitive performance scores (b = -1.75, p < .001) but experienced earlier but slower decline in cognitive performance over time (Black × Time2 interaction: b = 0.02, p < .01). Financial strain, discrimination, and recent life events each had distinct associations with cognitive performance but did not influence racial differences in levels of or change in cognition over time. DISCUSSION: Middle-aged Black adults have lower initial cognition levels and experience earlier but less accelerated cognitive decline compared to White middle-aged adults. Midlife acute and chronic stressors influence baseline cognition but do so in different ways. Future research should examine the influence of other stressors on racial differences in cognitive decline at other points in the life course.
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