ArticleThe Journal of cardiovascular nursing
Health Literacy and Perceived Control: Intermediary Factors in the Relationship Between Race and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Incarcerated Men in the United States.
Article in The Journal of cardiovascular nursing. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of Health Literacy in Cardiometabolic Disease among People with Serious Mental Illness.Community mental health journal · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBlack race, inadequate health literacy, and poor perceived control are predictors of increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among race, health literacy, perceived control, and CVD risk while controlling for known risk factors in incarcerated men.
methodsWe included data from 349 incarcerated men to examine race and CVD risk (Framingham Risk Score) using a serial mediation model with health literacy and perceived control using 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from 5000 bootstrap samples.
resultsOf the participants (age, 36 ± 10; education, 12 ± 2; body mass index, 28.3 ± 5.0), 64.2% were White and 35.8% were Black. Black incarcerated men were younger ( P = .047) with lower levels of health literacy ( P < .001). All 3 indirect effects of race on CVD were significant, whereas the direct effect of race was not. Black incarcerated men had higher levels of CVD risk through health literacy ( a1b1 = 0.3571; 95% CI, 0.0948-0.7162) and lower levels of CVD risk through perceived control ( a2b2 = -0.1855; 95% CI, -0.4388 to -0.0077). Black incarcerated men had higher levels of CVD risk through health literacy influenced by perceived control ( a1b2d21 = 0.0627; 95% CI, 0.0028-0.1409), indicating that despite the protective effect of higher levels of perceived control in Black incarcerated men, CVD risk remained higher compared with their White counterparts.
conclusionFuture CVD risk reduction interventions in incarcerated men, specifically Black incarcerated men, should include goals of improving health literacy and perceived control as modifiable risk factors.
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