ArticleeLife2023
Higher social tolerance is associated with more complex facial behavior in macaques.
Article in eLife, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Relationship Value, Emotion, and Uncertainty Shape Conflict-Resolution Communication in a Wild Primate.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Linking individual variation in facial musculature to facial behavior in rhesus macaques.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2025Article
- Article
- "Age of risk" shapes simpler multimodal communication in the juvenile plains zebra (Equus quagga).Communications biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Examining Mammalian facial behavior using Facial Action Coding Systems (FACS) and combinatorics.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Faces of time: a historical overview of rapid innovations in coding animal facial signals.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Teeth Baring as a Model to Understand Complex Facial Signals in a Tolerant Macaque Species.American journal of primatology · 2025Article
- Facial expressivity in dominant macaques is linked to group cohesion.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Wild and captive immature orangutans differ in their non-vocal communication with others, but not with their mothers.Behavioral ecology and sociobiology · 2024Article
- Understanding Naturalistic Facial Expressions with Deep Learning and Multimodal Large Language Models.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The social complexity hypothesis for communicative complexity posits that animal societies with more complex social systems require more complex communication systems. We tested the social complexity hypothesis on three macaque species that vary in their degree of social tolerance and complexity. We coded facial behavior in >3000 social interactions across three social contexts (aggressive, submissive, affiliative) in 389 animals, using the Facial Action Coding System for macaques (MaqFACS). We quantified communicative complexity using three measures of uncertainty: entropy, specificity, and prediction error. We found that the relative entropy of facial behavior was higher for the more tolerant crested macaques as compared to the less tolerant Barbary and rhesus macaques across all social contexts, indicating that crested macaques more frequently use a higher diversity of facial behavior. The context specificity of facial behavior was higher in rhesus as compared to Barbary and crested macaques, demonstrating that Barbary and crested macaques used facial behavior more flexibly across different social contexts. Finally, a random forest classifier predicted social context from facial behavior with highest accuracy for rhesus and lowest for crested, indicating there is higher uncertainty and complexity in the facial behavior of crested macaques. Overall, our results support the social complexity hypothesis.
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